在日常的学习、工作、生活中，肯定对各类范文都很熟悉吧。大家想知道怎么样才能写一篇比较优质的范文吗？下面我给大家整理了一些优秀范文，希望能够帮助到大家，我们一起来看一看吧。
高中英语summary篇一
total accepted:511total submissions:2271
given a sorted integer array without duplicates, return the summary of its ranges.
for example, given[0,1,2,4,5,7], return[“0->2”,“4->5”,“7”].</code
[思路]
两个指针 start, end. 如果nums[end+1] = nums[end]+1, 就移动end指针, 否则, 插入字符串nums[start]->nums[end].
[code]
public class solution { // [0,1,2,4,5,7], return [“0->2”,“4->5”,“7”]. public listsummaryranges(int[] nums) { listres = new arraylist(); if(nums==null || ;1) return res; int s=0, e=0; while(e</string
高中英语summary篇二
【雅思阅读题型解析】填空题summary题
总的来说，雅思阅读summary填空题主要有两种形式：
一种是单词填空式，这种形式主要针对文章全文或者部分段落写出的一篇摘要，空出若干空格，要求考生从文章中寻找相应的单词进行填空。
另一种是单词选择式，就是在第一种形式的基础上，额外提供了一个词库，要求考生从词库中选词填空。
下面环球雅思将详细讲解如何快速而有效的解答这两种形式的summary填空题。
一、单词填空式
解题策略：对于单词填空式题，一般把握三个关键信息： 逻辑关系词，语法属性，定位。
首先，观察空格前后是否有语义间有逻辑关系的连接词，即逻辑关系词推断。
这类表示空格前后内容逻辑关系的连接词主要包括：
①表示因果关系的词，如because，as，since，for，due to，thanks to，as a result of等。 在考试中，在因果关系中除了一些连接词的衔接外，还有一些表示因果关系的大词，如trigger，breed，induce，engender，generate，be responsible for，affect，determine等，这些词在语义中隐含了因果关系。 所以也是考生在解题中值得注意的。
②表示转折关系的词，如but，however，while，yet，instead，rather，whereas等
③表示让步关系的词，如despite，in spite of，although等
④表示并列关系的词，如and，both…and…，neither…nor等
⑤表示举例关系的词，如such as，for example等
观察有无这类词的目的在于为了回原文定位时，能缩小寻找范围，使定位更加准确。 在文章阅读中，题目中的某些单词会进行同义转换而变得面目全非，但是句意不会变，语义关系不会变，这是最可靠的定位依据。从而逻辑关系词对于考生在解题中把握语义间的内在关系起了关键作用。
如剑桥4 test 2 passage 1 lost for words 一篇中的summary 题中
this great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical ___q1______。 but in today’s world，factors such as government initiatives and ____q2_____ are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages。 one factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their ____q3_____。
解题中，对于q1很多考生把geographical作为定位词，所以回到原文几乎是大海捞针。 但是这一题中由 as a result of 这一层因果关系给出启示： 空格处为原因。 前半句的great variety of language 表示结果。 所以从这一因果关系切入，可以在文中找到定位句 “isolation breeds linguistic diversity”，isolation 导致great variety of languages，所以答案为isolation。 再看q2，这一题中体现出多层语义关系。首先空格处和government initiatives 构成并列关系，其次这一并列词组隶属于上义词factors，即并列词组是因素之一。最后这些因素是导致语言数量下降的原因。 所以结合这层层关系，加以government initiatives 定位词的辅助，就可以找到定位句”…the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalization”，即答案为economic globalization。对于q3，虽然没有传统的因果信号词，但是one factor 已经给出因果关系的信号，要求考生所填的是使语言不至于消亡的因素，所以只需回到原文找提到预防语言消亡的方法的出题处。
其次，预测空格处所填的语法属性，即语法属性判断。
为了使所找的答案万无一失，还需要对空格处进行语法判断，这样一来，可以缩小选择的范围，使答案更加精确。 语法属性大致包括空格的词性，单复数以及句子成分。
如果空格前为形容词，那么空格处应为名词; 空格前为副词，那么空格处应为动词或形容词; 如果空格后面是be动词，那么空格应为名词复数或形容词。 从这些小细节可以看出雅思阅读考查的细腻。
以cambridge 5 test 1 passage 1 johnson’s dictionary 中的summary 为例
having rented a garret he took on a number of _____，who stood at a long central desk。
根据预测，空格处应填复数名词，再根据后面的定语从句，再次精确到填表示人的复数名词。 很多考生回原文找到assistants。 的确，assistants s看似符合我们的预测，但是却忽略了定语从句中的关键限制性的词组stood at a long desk。 所以根据这个限定，回原文找到对应的the copying clerks would work standing up。 因此正确答案是copying clerks或clerks。
再者，根据顺序原则在空格前后找定位关键词回原文定位。
总的来说，摘要填空题有一定的顺序原则，即填空题的出题顺序往往是按照文章段落的顺序。 结合这一题型特点，考生可以通过定位关键词回原文定位，无需从头至尾的阅读完整篇文章。
再以cambridge 5 test 1 passage 1 johnson’s dictionary 中的summary 为例
johnson did not have a ____q5______ available to him，but eventually produced definitions of in excess of 40，000 words written down in 80 large notebooks。 on publication，the dictionary was immediately hailed in many european countries as a landmark。 according to his biographer，james boswell，johnson’s principal achievement was to bring ___q6_____ to the english language。 as a reward for his hard work，he was granted a ___q7____ by the king。
q5中根据特殊定位词40，000和80 ，直接回到原文锁定定位句，然后通过预测判断出空格处所填的答案是一名词，而且离空格较近的地方有表示否定的概念 “did not have”，因此找到数字定位词后看定位句中是否有提到johnson 没有什么。 根据原文中的without a library to hand，可以推断出所填的答案应是library。
再看q6，这一题中的定位词很容易定位到人名 james boswell，再加上另一个独特的名词principal achievement，能帮助考生较快锁定到倒数第二段的最后一句 “it is the cornerstone of standard english，an achievement which，in james boswell’s words，‘conferred stability on the language of his country’。” 然后根据语法属性的预测，得知所填的空做bring 的宾语，所以找到给英语语言带来什么就能迎刃而解了。即stability
同理，对于q7，根据独特定位词king回原文中锁定到最后一段第一句 “…king george iii to offer him a pension”。 offer与题中的grant 同义，所以尽管语态的不一致，但是句义一致。 答案应填offer 的宾语，即pension。
对于有的基础差的考生，要求掌握通过逻辑关系词去分析语义间的关系似乎是比较困难的一件事，因此定位词可能是他们解答题目的机会。 再辅助一些必备的语法知识去进行预测判断，哪怕是不认识的单词或不理解的句子，有时候也能帮这些考生找到正确的答案。
二、单词选择式
对于单词选择式的填空题来说，考生需要从词库中选择符合题目要求的词，而题库中有可能成为答案的词有两种情况：1)是文章中的原词;2)是文章中原词的替换词。
第一种情况对考生来说更容易驾驭。考生只需按照上文中提到的解题策略，回原文确定所应填写的词，然后对应词库中的词得出选项。
第二种情况，考生可以先判断词库中的词为单一词性或多种词性，如果为单一词性，考生根据阅读理解文章原词的词义来寻找统一替换词。
如果是多种词性，首先对词汇按照词性分类，以便在确定空格内应填入的单词的词性后，在检索时缩小范围，提高做题准确率。
根据观察词库可以得出该词库为多种词性的词库。所以首先对词库进行大致的词性分类：名词(cost， technology，nutrition，education，medicine，pollution，health)， 动词( falling，increasing)， 形容词(undernourished，disabled，constant， independent)， 形容词的比较级(earlier，later，more)。 通过观察q20 所填的词性判断，应填一名词。定位关键词link，life expectancy，回到原文找到与之同义转化的词组correlation， live longer。 从锁定的句子“one interesting correlation manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer。”中得出应填写的词与better-educated people 相关，对应词库中education 符合所填的信息。
三、总结
在解答雅思阅读summary时，逻辑关系词可以让考生较快找到答案的大致位置， 定位词可以有助于将大致方向缩小到一定范围，而借助语法属性的预测分析能具体确定答案。这三个关键信息是解答摘要题的支柱。当然，在解题过程中也不能小觑同义转化的作用。这些策略在解题中是相辅相成，互相补充。 因此，掌握这些策略对于考生较快又有效的解答摘要题是至关重要的。
影响雅思阅读答题效率的原因
首先，当然是词汇。任何一篇内容相对复杂的阅读文章，都不可避免地出现大量生僻词语或者是难度相对较大的单词。从文章的选材而言，范围是十分丰富的，主要来自世界各国主要的英文报刊杂志，内容涉及任何一个国家的文化、经济、自然和科技等。而ielts考试所考查的，是实际运用语言的能力，所以在考试中真正需要理解的单词，或是题目中真正考查到的单词，往往是英语阅读中的一些最核心的单词。这些单词虽然数量不多，难度不大，但却是必须掌握的。就考试而言，掌握6000左右的常用词汇，即大学六级大纲中所要求的词汇是必须的。
第二，复杂的句型结构。有些同学的词汇量已经达到了6000左右，但是依然感觉读不懂文章，这就是因为文章中充斥着大量结构复杂难以把握的复杂句。如：the challenge now is to develop policies and practices based on a presumption of shared responsibility between men and women, and a presumption that there are potential benefits for men and women, as well as for families and the community, if there is greater gender equality in the responsibilities and pleasures of family life. 这是一个相对复杂的句子，主干是the challenge now is to develop policies and practices, 从based on到句子的结尾处是由过去分词短语充当的状语。后一个presumption后面有一个由that引导的从句，充当presumption的同位语。在同位语的后面，有一个if 引导的条件状语从句。一般而言，对同学们造成障碍的是并列句或并列复合句，倒装结构，所以在训练时可以精挑一个语段做仔细分析。建议大家最好在备考中将雅思阅读题型分类，多了解一下雅思常识。
第三，题型多样化。这个障碍使原本已经拥有相当英语语言实力的考生，在考试中因为缺乏对题型的理解，或是被众多题型干扰，不能正常发挥。一些必考题型如list of headings, summary, t/f/ng等，可以作为练习重点。如summary题是很多同学感到头痛的题型，普遍感到非常难找。其实不然，只要记住两大原则即可。原则一，顺序原则。summary题的答案排列顺序，必定与文章的行文顺序一致。原则二，完整的summary，不仅应该能够体现文章本身所表达的思想含义，而且必须是符合语法规律的英语文章。所以根据语法也可以进行判断。
高中英语summary篇三
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读
a．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
b．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
c．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
d．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作
a. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
b. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。
c. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
d. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
e. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
高中英语summary篇四
summary of bilateral wto agreement
《summary of bilateral wto agreement》
february 2,
agriculture
the agreement would eliminate barriers and increase access for . exports across a broad range of commodities. commitments include:
significant cuts in tariffs that will be completed by january . overall average for agricultural products will be percent and for . priority products 14 percent (down from 31 percent).
establishment of a tariff-rate quota system for imports of bulk commodities, ., wheat, corn, cotton, barley, and rice, that provides a share of the trq for private traders. specific rules on how the trq will operate and increased transparency in the process will help ensure that imports occur. significant and growing quota quantities subject to tariffs that average between 1-3 percent.
immediate elimination of the tariff-rate quota system for barley, peanut oil, sunflower-seed oil, cottonseed oil, and a phase-out for soybean oil.
the right to import and distribute products without going through a state-trading enterprise or middleman.
elimination of export subsidies on agricultural products.
china has also agreed to the elimination of sps barriers that are not based on scientific evidence.
industrial products
china would lower tariffs and eliminate broad systemic barriers to . exports, such as limits on who can import goods and distribute them in china, as well as barriers such as quotas and licenses on . products.
tariffs
tariffs cut from an average of percent to an average of percent overall and percent on . priority products.
china will participate in the information technology agreement (ita) and eliminate all tariffs on products such as computers, telecommunications equipment, semiconductors, computer equipment, and other high-technology products.
in the auto sector, china will cut tariffs from the current 80-100% level to 25% by mid-, with the largest cuts in the first years after accession.
auto parts tariffs will be cut to an average of 10% by mid-2006.
in the wood and paper sectors, tariffs will drop from present levels of 12?18% on wood and 15-25% on paper down to levels generally between 5% and .
china will also be implementing the vast majority of the chemical harmonization initiative. under that initiative, tariffs will be at 0, and percent for products in each category.
elimination of quotas and licenses
wto rules bar quotas and other quantitative restrictions. china has agreed to eliminate these restrictions with phase-ins limited to five years.
quotas: china will eliminate existing quotas upon accession for the top . priorities (. optic fiber cable). it will phase out remaining quotas, generally by , but no later than .
quotas will grow from current trade levels at a 15% annual rate in order to ensure that market access increases progressively.
auto quotas will be phased out by 2005. in the interim, the base-level quota will be $6 billion (the level prior to chinas auto industrial policy), and this will grow by 15% annually until elimination.
right to import and distribute
trading rights and distribution are among the top concerns for . manufacturers and agricultural exporters. at present, china severely restricts trading rights (the right to import and export) and the ability to own and operate distribution networks. under the agreement, trading rights and distribution services will be progressively phased in over three years. china will also open up sectors related to distribution services, such as repair and maintenance, warehousing, trucking and air courier services.
services
china has made commitments to phase out most restrictions in a broad range of services sectors, including distribution, banking, insurance, telecommunications, professional services such as accountancy and legal consulting, business and computer related services, motion pictures and video and sound recording services. china will also participate in the basic telecommunications and financial services agreements.
grandfathering
china will grandfather the existing level of market access already in effect at the time of chinas accession for . services companies currently operating in china. this will protect existing american businesses operating under contractual or shareholder agreements or a license from new restrictions as china phases in their commitments.
distribution and related services
china generally prohibits foreign firms from distributing products other than those they make in china, or from controlling their own distribution networks. under the agreement, china has agreed to liberalize wholesaling and retailing services for most products, including imported goods, throughout china in three years. in addition, china has agreed to open up the logistical chain of related services such as maintenance and repair, storage and warehousing , packaging, advertising, trucking and air express services, marketing, and customer support in three to four years.
telecommunications
china now prohibits foreign investment in telecommunications services. for the first time, china has agreed to permit direct investment in telecommunications businesses. china will also participate in the basic telecommunications agreement. specific commitments include:
regulatory principles ?- china has agreed to implement the pro?competitive regulatory principles embodied in the basic telecommunications agreement (including interconnection rights and independent regulatory authority) and will allow foreign suppliers to use any technology they choose to provide telecommunications services.
china will gradually phase out all geographic restrictions for paging and value-added services in two years, mobile voice and data services in five years, and domestic and international services in six years.
china will permit 50 percent foreign equity share for value-added and paging services two years after accession, 49 percent foreign equity share for mobile voice and data services five years after accession, and for domestic and international services six years after accession.
insurance
currently, only two . insurers have access to chinas market. under the agreement:
china agreed to award licenses solely on the basis of prudential criteria, with no economic-needs test or quantitative limits on the number of licenses issued.
china will progressively eliminate all geographic limitations within 3 years. internal branching will be permitted consistent with the elimination of these restrictions.
china will expand the scope of activities for foreign insurers to include group, health and pension lines of insurance, phased in over 5 years. foreign property and casualty firms will be able to insure large-scale commercial risks nationwide immediately upon accession.
china agreed to allow 50 percent ownership for life insurance. life insurers may also choose their own joint venture partners. for non-life, china will allow branching or 51 percent ownership on accession and wholly owned subsidiaries in 2 years. reinsurance is completely open upon accession (100 percent, no restrictions).
banking
currently foreign banks are not permitted to do local currency business with chinese clients (a few can engage in local currency business with their foreign clients). china imposes severe geographic restrictions on the establishment of foreign banks.
china has committed to full market access in five years for . banks.
foreign banks will be able to conduct local currency business with chinese enterprises starting 2 years after accession.
foreign banks will be able to conduct local currency business with chinese individuals from 5 years after accession.
foreign banks will have the same rights (national treatment) as chinese banks within designated geographic areas.
both geographic and customer restrictions will be removed in five years.
non-bank financial companies can offer auto financing upon accession.
securities
china will permit minority foreign-owned joint ventures to engage in fund management on the same terms as chinese firms. by three years after accession, foreign ownership of these joint ventures will be allowed to rise to 49 percent. as the scope of business expands for chinese firms, foreign joint venture securities companies will enjoy the same expansion in scope of business. in addition, 33 percent foreign?owned joint ventures will be allowed to underwrite domestic equity issues and underwrite and trade in international equity and all corporate and government debt issues.
professional services
china has made strong commitments regarding professional services, including the areas of law, accounting, management consulting, tax consulting, architecture, engineering, urban planning, medical and dental services, and computer and related services. chinas commitments will lead to greater market access opportunities and increased certainty for american companies doing business in china.
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motion pictures, videos, sound recordings
china will allow the 20 films to be imported on a revenue-sharing basis in each of the 3 years after accession. . firms can form joint ventures to distribute videos, software entertainment, and sound recordings and to own and operate cinemas.
protocol provisions
commitments in chinas wto protocol and working party report establish rights and obligations enforceable through wto dispute settlement procedures. we have agreed on key provisions relating to antidumping and subsidies, protection against import surges, technology transfer requirements, and offsets, as well as practices of state?owned and state?invested enterprises. these rules are of special importance to . workers and business.
china has agreed to implement the trims agreement upon accession, eliminate and cease enforcing trade and foreign exchange balancing requirements, as well as local content requirements, refuse to enforce contracts imposing these requirements, and only impose or enforce laws or other provisions relating to the transfer of technology or other know-how, if they are in accordance with the wto agreements on protection of intellectual property rights and trade?related investment measures.
these provisions will also help protect american firms against forced technology transfers. china has agreed that, upon accession, it will not condition investment approvals, import licenses, or any other import approval process on performance requirements of any kind, including: local content requirements, offsets, transfer of technology, or requirements to conduct research and development in china.
antidumping and subsidies methodology
the agreed protocol provisions ensure that american firms and workers will have strong protection against unfair trade practices including dumping and subsidies. the . and china have agreed that we will be able to maintain our current antidumping methodology (treating china as a non-market economy) in future anti-dumping cases. this provision will remain in force for 15 years after chinas accession to the wto. moreover, when we apply our countervailing duty law to china we will be able to take the special characteristics of chinas economy into account when we identify and measure any subsidy benefit that may exist.
product-specific safeguard
the agreed provisions for the protocol package also ensure that american domestic firms and workers will have strong protection against rapid increases of imports.
to do this, the product-specific safeguard provision sets up a special mechanism to address increased imports that cause or threaten to cause market disruption to a . industry. this mechanism, which is in addition to other wto safeguards provisions, differs from traditional safeguard measures. it permits united states to address imports solely from china, rather than from the whole world, that are a significant cause of material injury through measures such as import restrictions. moreover, the united states will be able to apply restraints unilaterally based on legal standards that differ from those in the wto safeguards agreement. this could permit action in more cases. the product-specific safeguard will remain in force for 12 years after china accedes to the wto.
state-owned and state-invested enterprises
the protocol addresses important issues related to the chinese governments involvement in the economy. china has agreed that it will ensure that state-owned and state-invested enterprises will make purchases and sales based solely on commercial considerations, such as price, quality, availability and marketability, and that it will provide . firms with the opportunity to compete for sales and purchases on non-discriminatory terms and conditions.
china has also agreed that it will not influence these commercial decisions (either directly or indirectly) except in a wto consistent manner. with respect to applying wto rules to state-owned and state-invested enterprises, we have clarified in several ways that these firms are subject to wto disciplines:
purchases of goods or services by these state-owned and state-invested enterprises do not constitute “government procurement” and thus are subject to wto rules.
we have clarified the status of state-owned and state-invested enterprises under the wto agreement on subsidies and countervailing measures. this will help ensure that we can effectively apply our trade law to these enterprises when it is appropriate to do so.
textiles
chinas protocol package will include a provision drawn from our 1997 bilateral textiles agreement, which permits . companies and workers to respond to increased imports of textile and apparel products. this textile safeguard will remain in the effect until december 31, 2008, which is four years after the wto agreement on textile and clothing expires.
高中英语summary篇五
resume writing tips--sample summary of qualifications
sample title heading/profile statement
regional sales manager
known for delivering strong and sustainable revenue and profit gains in highly competitive markets. bring 15 years of solid experience and select strengths that encompasses sales territory management, key account development, staff training, team leadership, presentations, and closings.
(bold, italicize, or underline the title heading so it stands out.)
sample summary of qualifications
accomplished sales professional known for delivering strong and sustainable revenue and profit gains in highly competitive markets. seeking a regional sales manager position with a leading pharmaceutical company. select strengths encompass:
resume writing tips - common mistakes, dos & donts
高中英语summary篇六
summary of bilateral wto agreement(4)
protocol provisions
commitments in chinas wto protocol and working party report establish rights and obligations enforceable through wto dispute settlement procedures. we have agreed on key provisions relating to antidumping and subsidies, protection against import surges, technology transfer requirements, and offsets, as well as practices of state?owned and state?invested enterprises. these rules are of special importance to . workers and business.
china has agreed to implement the trims agreement upon accession, eliminate and cease enforcing trade and foreign exchange balancing requirements, as well as local content requirements, refuse to enforce contracts imposing these requirements, and only impose or enforce laws or other provisions relating to the transfer of technology or other know-how, if they are in accordance with the wto agreements on protection of intellectual property rights and trade?related investment measures.
these provisions will also help protect american firms against forced technology transfers. china has agreed that, upon accession, it will not condition investment approvals, import licenses, or any other import approval process on performance requirements of any kind, including: local content requirements, offsets, transfer of technology, or requirements to conduct research and development in china.
antidumping and subsidies methodology
the agreed protocol provisions ensure that american firms and workers will have strong protection against unfair trade practices including dumping and subsidies. the . and china have agreed that we will be able to maintain our current antidumping methodology (treating china as a non-market economy) in future anti-dumping cases. this provision will remain in force for 15 years after chinas accession to the wto. moreover, when we apply our countervailing duty law to china we will be able to
[1] [2]
高中英语summary篇七
summary of bilateral wto agreement(5)
the protocol addresses important issues related to the chinese governments involvement in the economy. china has agreed that it will ensure that state-owned and state-invested enterprises will make purchases and sales based solely on commercial considerations, such as price, quality, availability and marketability, and that it will provide . firms with the opportunity to compete for sales and purchases on non-discriminatory terms and conditions.
china has also agreed that it will not influence these commercial decisions (either directly or indirectly) except in a wto consistent manner. with respect to applying wto rules to state-owned and state-invested enterprises, we have clarified in several ways that these firms are subject to wto disciplines:
purchases of goods or services by these state-owned and state-invested enterprises do not constitute “government procurement” and thus are subject to wto rules.
we have clarified the status of state-owned and state-invested enterprises under the wto agreement on subsidies and countervailing measures. this will help ensure that we can effectively apply our trade law to these enterprises when it is appropriate to do so.
textiles
chinas protocol package will include a provision drawn from our bilateral textiles agreement, which permits . companies and workers to respond to increased imports of textile and apparel products. this textile safeguard will remain in the effect until december 31, , which is four years after the wto agreement on textile and clothing expires
高中英语summary篇八
雅思阅读14类题型解题技巧--summary(摘要填空)
summary(摘要填空)
1. 题型要求：该类题目是一小段文字，是原文或原文中的几个段落主要内容的缩写或改写，我们称之为摘要。摘要中有几个空白部分要求填空。
摘要可分为两种：全文摘要和部分段落摘要。全文摘要信息来自全文，题目空格的数目较多。部分段落摘要信息来自原文某几个连续的段落，题目空格的数目较少。
考试中出现的大部分是部分段落摘要，信息来自原文连续的两到三段，题目空格的数量在5题左右。
对于部分段落摘要，有的在题目要求中会指出它来自原文的哪些段落，但大部分的部分段落摘要只是在题目要求中说它是原文的一个摘要或部分段落摘要，并不指出它来自原文的哪些段落。
按照填空内容，摘要也可分为三种：
1. 原文原词
2. 从多个选项中选词
3. 自己写词。
原文原词的题目要求中常有from the reading passage 的字样。从多个选项中选词，选项的数目常常超过题目空格的数目。最近考试中，绝大部分是原文原词或从多个选项中选词，很少有自己写词的。
这类题在a类和g类考试中出现的频率一般都是每两次考一次，每次考一组，共五题左右。
2. 解题步骤
(1) 仔细读摘要的第一句话，找出它在原文中的出处，通常是和原文某段话的第一句相对应。如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处，则此步可以略去不做。
(2) 注意空格前后的词，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。
对应词的特点如下：
a. 原词
b. 词性变化;如空格前的词为threatening, 是形容词，原文中的词为threat, 是名词。
c. 语态变化;一个是主动语态，一个是被动语态。
d. 同义词;如空格前的词为throw away，原文中的词为discard(丢弃，抛弃，遗弃)，它们是同义词。
(3) 仔细阅读对应所在的句子，确定正确答案。
(4) 注意语法，所填答案必须符合语法规定。
(5) 注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。
notice
1. 注意题目要求中是否有字数限制。
若要求从原文选词或自己写词，会有字数要求，如use one or two words等，答案必须满足这个要求。
2. 若从原文选词，只能选原文中连续的几个词，不能改变它们的顺序。
如原文为virgin fibre, 发生答案不可能是fibre virgin。原文为 advances in the technology，答案不可能是technology advances。
3. 若要求从原文选词，越是生词，越可能是答案。
下列比较生僻的词如sustainable(可持续的)、biodegradable(可生物降解的)、contaminants(废物，杂物)、nostrils(鼻孔)都是一些题目的答案。
4. 从选项中选词，要注意看题目要求是写答案本身，还是写选项前的代表字母。
选项前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考试中，选项前大部分都有代表字母。
5. 从选项中选词，答案与原文的六大对应关系。
(1) 原文原词：与原文完全相同的词或短语。
(2) 词性变化：原文为necessary，是形容词，选项为necessity，是名词。
(3) 语态变化：原文为governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes，是主动语态。摘要中的句子为people have also been encouraged by government to collect their waste on a regular basis，是被动语态。
(4) 图表：如果原文中有图表，一般会有一题答案来自图表。
(5) 同义词：原文为tight，选项为restricted，是同义词。
(6) 归纳：有时文中没有直接提及，须从几句话中归纳出答案。一般比较难，目前考试中，至少有一个空格是归纳出来的。
6.从选项中选词，如果时间不够，可以直接从选项中选择，不看原文。
这时，要特别注意语法。这样做的准确性50%左右(视题目的难易及考生的水平而定)。所以除非时间不够，否则不建议大家这样做。
7. 如果要求自己写词，答案绝大部分是原文原词，少部分是对原文原词做的形式上的修改。
要求自己写词的机率很小，遇到过一次。在这一次的5个题目中有4个答案是原文原词，剩下一个，原文原词是de-inked，答案根据语法的需要改为de-ink。
雅思阅读机经真题解析--how to achieve happiness
you should spend about 20 minutes on question 1-13 which are based on reading passage below.
throughout the whole period of one’s lifetime, the achieving of happiness can be seen as our ultimate and everlasting goal. happiness is far more than a strong body, a magnificent villa or an around-the-world tour; it is something we need from our heart. however, we can investigate happiness through scientific methods.
when we are asked the question “where can we find happiness”, it is a puzzle difficult to answer accurately. we can find happiness right in our own home, in our workplace, in school, in the company of our friends, etc. it is up to us to find the ways and means to achieve that happiness each of us seek and long for. however, it is essential to recognize that there is no one absolute way to achieve happiness. people may have different ideas with regard to the ways of achieving happiness. the following five classifications are perceived by many people as sources of happiness: family and friends, wealth, position, educational achievement and fame.
to give it a comprehensive definition, happiness is a mental state of well-being characterized by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy. a variety of biological, psychological, religious, and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources. various research groups, including positive psychology, endeavor to apply the scientific method to answer questions about what “happiness” is, and how we might attain it. while philosophers and religious thinkers often define happiness in terms of living a good life, or flourishing, rather than simply as an emotion. happiness in this sense was used to translate the greek eudaimonia, and is still used in virtue ethics.
while the level of physical healthiness is the biggest determinant of happiness, comparison of financial success with others of the same age group is the second largest source of happiness and unhappiness. financially richer people tend to be happier than poorer people, according to sociological researcher glenn firebaugh of pennsylvania state university. their research is focused on whether the income effect on happiness results largely from the things money can buy (absolute income effect) or from comparing ones income to the income of others (relative income effect). they present their research in a session paper, tided “relative income and happiness: arc americans on a hedonk treadmill?” firebaugh argues that, in evaluating their own incomes, individuals compare themselves to their peers of the same age. therefore, a persons reported level of happiness depends on how his or her income compares to others in the same age group. using comparison groups on the basis of age, the researchers find evidence of both relative and absolute effects, but relative income is more important than absolute income in determining the happiness of individuals in the united states. this may result in a self-indulgent treadmill, because incomes in the united states rise over most of the adult lifespan. they always dissatisfy with the salary. for example, the survey indicates that the students studied in harvard university expect to earn much more money than their classmates rather than care about the exact amount of the salary.
we have long been aware that elements from various perspectives of we could contribute to realizing happiness. the minnesota study of twins reared apart (mistra) has recently conducted a research project, choosing 120 pairs of reared-apart twins as subjects to test their perception of happiness. in an early report of results it was found that, on most measurable psychological traits, the level of welfare between the twins in a set felt is varied instead of being the same or similar. thus environmental factors may not be the only factor that affects the feeling of happiness significantly. in another investigation, among persons of european ancestry, for psychological features that can be measured, heritability range from about 25 percent to 80 percent. or, to put it more concretely, from one-fourth to four-fifths of the variation from person to person in such features as iq, creativity and happiness, is associated with genetic differences between those persons. that indicates that genetic difference may also affect the happiness. furthermore, neurobiological evidence shows that left and right frontal lobes play different roles in the emotion (mc) (m). happiness is a type of emotion, a positive one. from the experiments, happiness and the left prefrontal lobe are combined together. the more active it is, the more positive emotion you sense.
at the outset of new millennium, a global research had a result that the people living in the modern world were even unhappier. with crises being on the rise these days, finding happiness can be a bit challenging. despite of all the stresses associated with life, we still do our best to be happy — because being happy is the only way to keep us afloat. happiness is considered a very important therapy, both physically and mentally. with it, we are inspired to accomplish whatever goals we want to achieve. its a strong drive that keeps us going and helps us live our life every single day.
there are many ways to be happy. spend time with individuals who are dear to you. there is nothing more joyful than to be with the people you love. during the weekends, try to schedule a fun trip for you and your partner, or one for your whole family. just go somewhere else for a change and enjoy the change of scenery. do something nice for others. helping others is a very honorable way to find happiness. if your schedule is too tight for volunteer work, you can just donate a small sum of money or some old clothes or toys to charity. when you eat out, try to be a good tipper to the waiters or the valet who safely parked your car. all these simple things will not only make you happy, but other people as well. start and end your day with a smile. smiling is a very powerful gesture. theres no need for words to describe how pleasant it is. if you have a lousy day, smile your way out of the office. when people smile back at you, it will uplift your mood and make you feel better. spending some time with your friends. a close circle of friends is one of the most important sources of happiness.
高中英语summary篇九
《广东教育·高中》20xx年第10期
广州 李渊
一、考纲要求
1．概括的准确性；
2．字数大约30词；
3．不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。
二、难点分析
1．如何迅速、准确地捕捉要点；
2．如何巧妙串连，将要点串成篇章；
3．如何灵活诠释，避免抄袭的嫌疑。
三、解题思路
1．巧妙利用opinion，预测材料内容
读写任务先读后写。那么“读”的材料肯定是与要“写”的材料话题是相同的，至少是相关的。因此，我们可以利用这一关系来进行有效的预测。以下是两个例子。
本例中的主题是“学校该不该分班”，那么，我们可以根据这个话题进行如下预测：
(1）阅读材料的论点是什么：该？不该？
(2）论据是什么：该的理由？不该的理由？
(3）如何论证：有无实例？如有，又是什么实例？
这样，心中有了疑问，就好比大海航行有了指南针一样，只要循着这一方向去找，一定能在最短的时间里到达大洋的彼岸－迅速捕捉要点。
此外，当对话题的具体内容感到迷惘时，我们还可以充分利用写作内容2）里的a) b) c)来帮助我们进一步定向。如实例2。
本例中的主题是“改变世界还是改变自己”。那么我们可以分析这一主题：人什么时候需要做出这种选择——改变世界还是改变自己？当然是遇到困难或矛盾时。那么，主人公遇上了什么困难？最终是通过改变世界还是改变自己来解决难题的呢？
高中英语summary篇十
summary of bilateral wto agreement(2)
right to import and distribute
trading rights and distribution are among the top concerns for . manufacturers and agricultural exporters. at present, china severely restricts trading rights (the right to import and export) and the ability to own and operate distribution networks. under the agreement, trading rights and distribution services will be progressively phased in over three years. china will also open up sectors related to distribution services, such as repair and maintenance, warehousing, trucking and air courier services.
services
china has made commitments to phase out most restrictions in a broad range of services sectors, including distribution, banking, insurance, telecommunications, professional services such as accountancy and legal consulting, business and computer related services, motion pictures and video and sound recording services. china will also participate in the basic telecommunications and financial services agreements.
grandfathering
china will grandfather the existing level of market access already in effect at the time of chinas accession for . services companies currently operating in china. this will protect existing american businesses operating under contractual or shareholder agreements or a license from new restrictions as china phases in their commitments.
distribution and related services
china generally prohibits foreign firms from distributing products other than those they make in china, or from controlling their own distribution networks. under the agreement, china has agreed to liberalize wholesaling and retailing services for most products, including imported goods, throughout china in three years. in addition, china has agreed to open up the logistical chain of related services such as maintenance and repair, storage and warehousing , packaging, advertising, trucking and
[1] [2]
高中英语summary篇十一
雅思阅读技巧盘点之：多快好省做对summary
一、无选项雅思阅读summary的特征
1、主要针对文章的某一段或某几段的主要内容进行概括或改写，上下句之间有一定的联系。
2、每个空格的间隔时近时远，例如剑7 t1 p1的summary就定位在d段一段中，而剑5 t1 p1的则分散在四个段落中，由此可见定位准确是解题的关键步骤。但考生们不用着急，一般summary的定位还是比较容易的，且大部分是涉及到原文的两三段。即使某道题比较难找到，也可以先做summary的其他题，切勿因小失大。
3、一般是顺序原则，较少乱序。
4、填的答案多是原文原词，很少需要改变语态和词性，相对简单。
二、雅思阅读summary的解题步骤
1、阅读文章的大标题和小标题。其实拿到一篇文章，不论有哪些题型，第一步都要阅读文章的大标题和小标题，大致掌握文章主题和推测文章的写作思路和结构。
2、仔细审题。 (1)注意字数限制(choose no more than two words from the passage for each answer. )，一般有只能填一个、不超过两个和不超过三个单词。(2)有时题目会明确告知summary在原文中的起始段落。
3、根据summary的小标题或者首句，回原文确定起始位置。
4、划出第一题的定位词和关键词(指紧挨着空格的并且肯定会被同义替换的单词)。
5、通过关键词及空格前后的逻辑关系来推测所填词的语法特征。(1)常考词性有名词、形容词、动词和副词，但主要以“名词和形容词”为主，在剑桥真题5-9中的summary共63个，名词58个占92%，形容词5个占8%。(2)如果所填词是名词，还可以进一步去预测是人还是物，单复数，有时甚至能推测出是具体物还是抽象物，但还是要根据实际情况而定，不要为了预测而硬预测。
6、回到原文，通过略读定位到题目位置。
7、精读定位词所在的句子，一定要读完整。
8、对应关键词和逻辑关系后，通过语法来确定答案。
9、继续下一题。
二、雅思阅读summary解题小贴士
1、一定要注意字数限制。有不少考生会因为初次考试紧张而忘记审题，同样的问题在判断题的true和yes中也有体现。
2、如果在题目或者原文中看到this，that，those，these，it等指代词，一定要把指代词的内容搞清楚，因为指代词往往是考点，或者通过指代词所指内容能提示解题。
3、如果定位词所在句子找不到关键词的同义替换或逻辑关系，一般可以往下看一句，最多往下看两句。
4、因为是顺序出题，所以实在是有定位不到的题要学会放弃，先做下一题，然后在上下两题的定位之间再寻找一次。
总而言之，无选项summary是考生必须要得到分数的题型。解题步骤大致为了解文章主题，审题，圈划定位词和关键词，预测语法特征，回原文精读。除了熟练掌握做题步骤和技巧之外，基础语法和同义替换也是加快做题速度，提高正确率的利剑。每次做完题都要认真分析错误原因，是定位不准确，同义替换没背出还是句意或逻辑关系理解错误，并积累每道题目(不论对错)和题目对应原文句子的生词和同义替换。考生不能太过沉迷于技巧，毕竟扎实的基本功和踏实的学习态度才是通过雅思，成功打开国外理想大学大门的钥匙。
雅思阅读小范围预测
文章题目 aquaculture in new zealand
重复年份 20160114 20151031 20121124 20110212
题材 农业
题型 小标题 7+人名理论配对 3+句子填空 3
文章大意 新西兰水产养殖，介绍了新西兰一种新型保护海底动物多样性兼顾商业运作
的方式一 aquaculture , 其发展遇到的问题及前景。
部分参考答案：
小标题
14. vi (一个受益的村庄)
15. vii (company’s profit)
16. 选含 limitation 的那项
17. 选含 concerns to environment 的那项
18. 选含 alternative explanation 的那项
19. 选含 research 的那项
20. 选含 science and business 的那项
填空题
24. polyculture/aquaculture
25. commercial partner
26. market value/high price
文章题目 expert in musician
重复年份 20160130 20140517
题材 人文社科
题型 选择 4+判断 6+填空 4
文章大意
天赋是遗传先天的还是靠练习，主要以音乐为例。讨论坚持不懈对成功的作用和他们的关系。首先探讨了毅力是否是成功的必要条件，并阐述了众多学家就此提出的各类观点。在论证天才是不是也需要坚持不懈时，举例了莫扎特一个人坚持找工作的过程。最后证明了坚持不懈和成功的关系密切。
文章题目 the meaning of history study
重复年份 20151114a 20140920 20111210
题材 人文社科
题型 配对 9+填空 4
文章大意 本文讲了历史研究的意义。列举了名人对于学习历史的观点。历史学家和教育家都认为历史不仅具有学术研究的意义，更有助于其他领域。
雅思阅读模拟题：search begins for earth
search begins for earth beyond solar system
staff and agencies
wednesday december 27, 2006
guardian unlimited
1. a european spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another “earth” among the stars.
2. the corot space telescope blasted off aboard a russian soyuz rocket from the baikonur cosmodrome in kazakhstan shortly after .
3. corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. any such planet situated in the right orbit stands a good chance of having liquid water on its surface, and quite possibly life, although a leading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find “any little green men”.
4. developed by the french space agency, cnes, and partnered by the european space agency (esa), austria, belgium, germany, brazil and spain, corot will monitor around 120,000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the earth. over two and a half years, it will focus on five to six different areas of the sky, measuring the brightness of about 10,000 stars every 512 seconds.
5. “at the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. we are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. we are not going to find any little green men,” professor ian roxburgh, an esa scientist who has been involved with corot since its inception, told the bbc radio 4 today programme.
6. prof roxburgh said it was hoped corot would find “rocky planets that could develop an atmosphere and, if they are the right distance from their parent star, they could have water”.
7. to search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a “transit”. although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water, corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses.
8. measurements of minute changes in brightness will enable scientists to detect giant jupiter-like gas planets as well as small rocky ones. it is the rocky planets - that could be no bigger than about twice the size of the earth - which will cause the most excitement. scientists expect to find between 10 and 40 of these smaller planets.
9. corot will also probe into stellar interiors by studying the acoustic waves that ripple across the surface of stars, a technique called “asteroseismology”.
10. the nature of the ripples allows astronomers to calculate a stars precise mass, age and chemical composition.
11. “a planet passing in front of a star can be detected by the fall in light from that star. small oscillations of the star also produce changes in the light emitted, which reveal what the star is made of and how they are structured internally. this data will provide a major boost to our understanding of how stars form and evolve,” prof roxburgh said.
12. since the discovery in 1995 of the first “exoplanet” - a planet orbiting a star other than the sun - more than 200 others have been found by ground-based observatories.
13. until now the usual method of finding exoplanets has been to detect the “wobble” their gravity imparts on parent stars. but only giant gaseous planets bigger than jupiter can be found this way, and they are unlikely to harbour life.
14. in the 2010s, esa plans to launch darwin, a fleet of four or five interlinked space telescopes that will not only spot small rocky planets, but analyse their atmospheres for signs of biological activity.
15. at around the same time, the us space agency, nasa, will launch terrestrial planet finder, another space telescope designed to locate earth-like planets.
高中英语summary篇十二
(1) 仔细读摘要的第一句话，找出它在原文中的出处，通常是和原文某段话的第一句相对应。如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处，则此步可以略去不做。
(2) 注意空格前后的词，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。
对应词的特点如下：
a. 原词
b. 词性变化;如空格前的词为threatening, 是形容词，原文中的词为threat, 是名词。
c. 语态变化;一个是主动语态，一个是被动语态。
d. 同义词;如空格前的词为throw away，原文中的词为discard(丢弃，抛弃，遗弃)，它们是同义词。
(3) 仔细阅读对应所在的句子，确定正确答案。
(4) 注意语法，所填答案必须符合语法规定。
(5) 注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。
notice
1. 注意题目要求中是否有字数限制。
若要求从原文选词或自己写词，会有字数要求，如use one or two words等，答案必须满足这个要求。
2. 若从原文选词，只能选原文中连续的几个词，不能改变它们的顺序。
如原文为virgin fibre, 发生答案不可能是fibre virgin。原文为 advances in the technology，答案不可能是technology advances。
3. 若要求从原文选词，越是生词，越可能是答案。
下列比较生僻的词如sustainable(可持续的)、biodegradable(可生物降解的)、contaminants(废物，杂物)、nostrils(鼻孔)都是一些题目的答案。
4. 从选项中选词，要注意看题目要求是写答案本身，还是写选项前的代表字母。
选项前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考试中，选项前大部分都有代表字母。
5. 从选项中选词，答案与原文的六大对应关系。
(1) 原文原词：与原文完全相同的词或短语。
(2) 词性变化：原文为necessary，是形容词，选项为necessity，是名词。
(3) 语态变化：原文为governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes，是主动语态。摘要中的句子为people have also been encouraged by government to collect their waste on a regular basis，是被动语态。
(4) 图表：如果原文中有图表，一般会有一题答案来自图表。
(5) 同义词：原文为tight，选项为restricted，是同义词。
(6) 归纳：有时文中没有直接提及，须从几句话中归纳出答案。一般比较难，目前考试中，至少有一个空格是归纳出来的。
6.从选项中选词，如果时间不够，可以直接从选项中选择，不看原文。
这时，要特别注意语法。这样做的准确性50%左右(视题目的难易及考生的水平而定)。所以除非时间不够，否则不建议大家这样做。
7. 如果要求自己写词，答案绝大部分是原文原词，少部分是对原文原词做的形式上的修改。
要求自己写词的机率很小，遇到过一次。在这一次的5个题目中有4个答案是原文原词，剩下一个，原文原词是de-inked，答案根据语法的需要改为de-ink。
雅思阅读考前必看文章之教育心理类
雅思阅读：coarse work
british universities, it appears, are considering abandoning a 200-year old system of degree classification in favour of the american gpa model. at present, students are bunched into grade clusters. the top 10-20% receive a “1st”, the majority receive a “” or “two-one” and the stragglers receive either a “two-two” or a “3rd”. the latter group can be very small (5%) at the elite universities but is larger nationally.
the main reasoning for this is that it is hard for employers to distinguish between graduates if everyone has a grade. but it is possible for employers to ask for a full transcript of individual grades, though this is not nearly as common in britain as you might expect. the stronger point (which you might have already picked up on) is that the existing system can be difficult to interpret internationally. adopting the gpa system would be helpful to undergraduates wishing to study or work abroad.
i think this might be missing a trick. my experience of the 1st/ system is that it has a very strong effect on students work effort. for weaker students, either those of lower natural ability or the more workshy, fear of the notorious “desmond” (cockney rhyming slang after the eponymous archbishop) is the ultimate motivator. many attractive careers simply advertise the minimum requirement of a , and therefore getting the lower grade can be quite a handicap in the job market.
for stronger students, the aspiration of a first, the only true distinguisher in the system, is also a strong incentive. the risk is that working quite hard could leave you with only a high , largely indistinguishable from all other s. the crudeness of the grading system drags everyone up.
an interesting paper by pradeep dubey and john geanakoplos of the cowles foundation at yale univeristy makes the same point. they write:
suppose that the professor judges each students performance exactly, though the performance itself may depend on random factors, in addition to ability and effort. suppose also that the professor is motivated solely by a desire to induce his students to work hard. third and most importantly, suppose that the students care about their relative rank in the class, that is, about their status. we show that, in this scenario, coarse grading often motivates the student to work harder.
one might think that finer hierarchies generate more incentives. but this is often not the case. coarse hierarchies can paradoxically create more competition for status, and thus better incentives for work.
they give a simple example. suppose there are two students, brainy and dumbo, with disparate abilities. brainy achieves a uniformly higher score even when he shirks and dumbo works. suppose, for example, that dumbo scores between 40 and 50 if he shirks, and between 50 and 60 if he works, while brainy scores between 70 and 80 if he shirks and 80 and 90 if he works. with perfectly fine grading, brainy will come ahead of dumbo regardless of their effort levels. but since they only care about rank, both will shirk.
but, by assigning a grade a to scores above 85, b to scores between 50 and 85, and c to below 50, the professor can inspire dumbo to work, for then dumbo stands a chance to acquire the same status b as brainy, even when brainy is working. this in turn generates the competition which in fact spurs brainy to work, so that with luck he can distinguish himself from dumbo. he doesnt want to be mislabelled. with finer grading everyone gets their own label so this effect disappears.
the corollary to this in my example is that if the brainy student knows that even when slacking off he will still do measurably better than most students he may decide that he can still get a very good job with 70 to 80. there may be students who score 80 to 90 with superior credentials but academic performance is only part of the hiring criteria. if he can signal himself as a brainy student he might think this is enough.
however, critical to all this is that all exams are taken together, as they are at oxford or cambridge universities, usually at the end of the degree in a consecutive-day marathon. the trend in other british universities has been to examine various courses throughout the degree. the result is that those in the middle of the ability range can work very hard at the beginning, bank a and then slack off in the remaining years. it is partly for this reason that those universities pushing hardest for the changes have exams split across years. oxford and cambridge are less keen.
雅思阅读考前必看文章之教育心理类
雅思阅读：game lessons
it sounds like a cop-out, but the future of schooling may lie with video games
since the beginning of mass education, schools have relied on what is known in educational circles as “chalk and talk”. chalk and blackboard may sometimes be replaced by felt-tip pens and a whiteboard, and electronics in the form of computers may sometimes be bolted on, but the idea of a pedagogue leading his pupils more or less willingly through a day based on periods of study of recognisable academic disciplines, such as mathematics, physics, history, geography and whatever the local language happens to be, has rarely been abandoned.
abandoning it, though, is what katie salen hopes to do. ms salen is a games designer and a professor of design and technology at parsons the new school for design, in new york. she is also the moving spirit behind quest to learn, a new, taxpayer-funded school in that city which is about to open its doors to pupils who will never suffer the indignity of snoring through double french but will, rather, spend their entire days playing games.
quest to learn draws on many roots. one is the research of james gee of the university of wisconsin. in dr gee published a book called “what video games have to teach us about learning and literacy”, in which he argued that playing such games helps people develop a sense of identity, grasp meaning, learn to follow commands and even pick role models. another is the macarthur foundations digital media and learning initiative, which began in and which has acted as a test-bed for some of ms salens ideas about educational-games design. a third is the success of the bank street school for children, an independent primary school in new york that practises what its parent, the nearby bank street college of education, preaches in the way of interdisciplinary teaching methods and the encouragement of pupil collaboration.
ms salen is, in effect, seeking to mechanise bank streets methods by transferring much of the pedagogic effort from the teachers themselves (who will now act in an advisory role) to a set of video games that she and her colleagues have devised. instead of chalk and talk, children learn by doing—and do so in a way that tears up the usual subject-based curriculum altogether.
periods of maths, science, history and so on are no more. quest to learns school day will, rather, be divided into four 90-minute blocks devoted to the study of “domains”. such domains include codeworlds (a combination of mathematics and english), being, space and place (english and social studies), the way things work (maths and science) and sports for the mind (game design and digital literacy). each domain concludes with a two-week examination called a “boss level”—a common phrase in video-game parlance.
freeing the helots
in one of the units of being, space and place, for example, pupils take on the role of an ancient spartan who has to assess athenian strengths and recommend a course of action. in doing so, they learn bits of history, geography and public policy. in a unit of the way things work, they try to inhabit the minds of scientists devising a pathway for a beam of light to reach a target. this lesson touches on maths, optics—and, the organisers hope, creative thinking and teamwork. another way-things-work unit asks pupils to imagine they are pyramid-builders in ancient egypt. this means learning about maths and engineering, and something about the countrys religion and geography.
whether things will work the way ms salen hopes will, itself, take a few years to find out. the school plans to admit pupils at the age of 12 and keep them until they are 18, so the first batch will not leave until . if it fails, traditionalists will no doubt scoff at the idea that teaching through playing games was ever seriously entertained. if it succeeds, though, it will provide a model that could make chalk and talk redundant. and it will have shown that in education, as in other fields of activity, it is not enough just to apply new technologies to existing processes—for maximum effect you have to apply them in new and imaginative ways.