作为一位杰出的教职工，总归要编写教案，教案是教学活动的总的组织纲领和行动方案。那么教案应该怎么制定才合适呢？下面是小编为大家带来的优秀教案范文，希望大家可以喜欢。
中学英语语法教案篇一
随着以“任务型教学”为代表的交际教学法思想被推崇，以及对新课标中“此次英语课程改革的重点就是要改变英语课程过分重视语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授、忽视对学生实际语言运用能力的培养的倾向，……”理解的偏颇。有教师认为中学英语教学的重点主要是培养学生的口语表达和交际能力，而误以为语法教学可有可无。于是“淡化语法”的教学现象普遍存在，直接导致了学生“双基”的薄弱，因此阻碍着学生综合语言能力的形成。为此，本文提出重新审视中学英语语法教学。
二、语法教学的必要性
语法作为形式语言的要素，是对语言存在的规则所做出的概括描述。其形式是一套规则，其作用是将负载语音的词汇组合成语言（language）并生成言语（words）。这样，语法就成了学习者掌握语言的完善而有价值的工具，学习者不可不学。
对于中国的中学生来说，语法教学更具有必要性。因为中国学生英语综合能力的获得更多的是靠“学得”（learning）而不是“习得”（acquisition）（张正东，2001）。这是由我国中学英语教学具有的特点所决定的（崔刚，2007）：
第一，英语学习主要围绕课堂教学进行，而课堂教学的学时有限。
第二，英语使用的环境差。在中国没有二语国家（如新加坡、印度）的使用环境，学生接触英语的机会相对较少。
第三，学生学习英语是学业课程的需要，并不是生活的必需，多数没有直接的学习动机。
第四，汉语与英语的差异大。汉语属于汉藏语系、象形文字，而英语属于印欧语系、拼音文字。受汉语“负迁移”影响，中国学生学习英语时要比其它拼音文字国家学生面临更多的困难。
这些特点决定了英语教学是作为一门外语，不能象第二语言那样习得语言。虽然外语相对于第一语言是第二语言，但作为目的语，并非在目的语国家（如英、美）为移民者开设的二语（英语），外语主要通过有意学习（学得）而掌握。在学校学得外语又有以下主要特点：（1）主要遵循知识（主要为语法）→技能→运用能力的线路发展；（2）输入之后在吸收之前都得经过理解，这种理解或采用归纳方式、类似“熟而生巧”，或采用演绎方式、类似“画龙点睛”，都离不了语法（戴淑静，2005）。
三、优化语法教学的方法
两千多年前孔子就提出“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆”，说明学习是一个接受知识与完全消化并贮存知识的动态过程。英语学习也是这样一个输入与输出的过程。因此，不能用语言“习得”模式去硬套我们的英语教学活动，而应根据教与学的实情，在教材与教学设计上多下功夫，创新语法教学方法（杨金昌，2005）。
1、归纳法。归纳法即教师向学生逐步渗透具体的语言现象，然后让学生观察、分析并找出规律，总结出语法规则，这样能使学生容易接受语法。例如，在学习情态动词结构“should have done”时，教师可呈现例句：the driver’s carelene cost many paengers’ lives.接着启发学生：do you think the driver should have been careful ?学生会立刻理解句中“should have been careful”的含义。此时教师不要急于点明语言点的规则，而是应呈现更多的句子，以检验学生的对新语法项目的理解。教师呈现每个例句都要留出一定的时间让学生思考讨论，待他们领会句意后再引导用“should have done”改写句子。(1)this morning mary was late for school.→ she should have got up a little earlier.(2)i didn’t pa the exam because i had wasted lots of time.→i should have made full use of time to work on my leons.…… 在上述语法教学过程中，学生通过分析和练习若干句子，既能很快理解“should have done”的意义，又能较好地掌握其用法，即：“should＋现在完成式”表示“本来应该做某事而实际上并未做”，常常含有责备、不满的语气。这样的归纳教学能让学生理解和活化语法规则。
2、对比法。学生学习了一些语法规则后，在一段时间内会产生“越学越糊涂”的困惑。针对这种现象，教师应组织学生将所学的语法知识进行思维加工，引导学生对类似的语法现象进行对比，找出关键点，发现差异点。例如，学生学习了定语从句与同位语从句后，对that引导的从句究竟是定语从句还是同位语从句深感迷惑。此时，教师可出示以下两个例句：(1)the news that he paed the entrance college examination made his parents very happy.(2)the news that he told me made me very surprised.接着让学生仔细观察that引导的两个从句，然后让学生分析that在两个从句中的语法成分，很快学生发现that在句（1）从句不作任何成分，而在句（2）从句中作动词的宾语，最后与学生共同总结出that在同位语从句中不作语法成分，在定语从句中作语法成分。经过对比，看似复杂的语法知识很快“化难为易”。
3、情景法。情景是指运用目的语的环境。学习语言只有在一定的情境中才能正确理解和运用。教师如能为学生知觉和理解教材创设情境和构架，制作生动形象的语境，启发引导学生对所学的内容加以清楚而又合逻辑的知觉组织，定能提高学习质量（万云英，1991）。如，―ing分词与―ed分词是中学语法的重点和难点，许多学生对其之间的差异分辨不清。教师可以采用实验演示手段创设情境让学生观察其差异。课堂上，教师演示水被烧开的过程，当水沸腾时，教师介绍短语boiling water；待水降温不沸腾时，呈现短语boiled water，并作喝水状。在这种生动的语境中，学生不知不觉地掌握了现在分词与过去分词的区别：现在分词一般表示主动进行的动作而过去分词一般表示被动完成的动作。
四、结束语
综上所述，在中国国情制约下的中学英语教学是离不开语法的，应给予语法教学一片天地。在进行语法教学时，方法是人为多样的，正所谓“教无定法”，但“贵在得法”，其核心应是结合英语教学活动，体现“优化而不淡化，重视而不死抠”的原则。
中学英语语法教案篇二
教
案
课程名称
英语语法
lecture 1 sentence structure
教学重点及难点：
1.
the claification of bound morpheme and the frequently applied bound morphemes;
2.
the basic clause types and their transformation and expansion
教 学 基 本 内 容
1.
basic concepts of morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, and sentences; of word-formation: affixation, derivation and composition; of sentence analysis: one ways is to divide the predicate into predicate verb, object, complement and other way is to divide the predicate into two parts: the operator and the clause types include svc, sv, sva, svo, svoa, svoc, and affirmative clause can be transformed into a negative;a statement into a question, and a active clause into a these add varieties to the basic clause e 1 sentence structure owing to the fact that sentences in authentic language differ structurally in thousands of ways, what is described here as sentence structure, sentence elements, or sentence patterns is only concerned with the simple sentence, or rather with the clause.1.1 clause elements as has been pointed out before, the clause or the simple sentence is structurally a sequence of phrases and logically a construction of ―subject+ predicate‖.that is to say, the clause or the simple sentence is not just an agglomeration of phrases;it is a group of phrases organized into a construction of ―subject+ predicate‖.1)subject and predicate a full-fledged clause can generally be divided into two parts: the subject and the subject is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tell of what the sentence is predicate says something about the subject and bear the new information which the speaker or writer wants to transmit to the listener or subject is generally realized by a noun phrase or an equivalent of noun phrase, while the construction of the predicate, which is more complicated, generally consists of a verb phrase with or without complementation.2)two ways of sentence analysis to facilitate description of how english language works, sentences can be analyzed in two way is to divide the predicate into predicate verb, object, complement and elements together with the subject make the five clause other ways of sentence analysis is to divide the predicate into two parts: the operator and the operator is usually the auxiliary or the first auxiliary in a complex verb phrase, while the predication comprises the main verb with its complementation(object, complement or adverbial).1.2 basic clause types and their transformation and expansion in terms of the different combinations of clause elements, english clauses can be claified into seven basic rable authentic sentences are structured on the basis of these clause types.1)basic clause types the seven basic clause types are svc, sv, sva, svo, svoa, svoc, and seven combinations of clause elements are wholly or largely determined by the main verb in the main verb in an svc pattern is a linking or copula verb which must be followed by a subject main verb in an sv pattern is an intransitive verb which is not to be followed by any obligatory element except for a limited number of intransitive verbs which require an obligatory adverbial, thus constituting the pattern sv main verb in an svo pattern us a monotranstitive which must be followed by an object, and with some monotransitives the object must again be followed by an obligatory adverbial, thus constituting the pattern svo main verb in an svoc pattern is a complex transitive verb which must be followed by an object+ object main verb in an svoo pattern is a ditransitive verb which is to e followed by two objects: indirect and direct object.2)transformation and expansion of basic clause types the basic clause types are all affirmative statements with verbs in the active affirmative clause can be transformed into a negative;s statement into a question;and an active clause into a these add varieties to the basic clause basic clause types and their variants can also be expanded into larger grammatical units through adding modifiers at various levels, and these larger units can again be expanded through coordination and subordination into compound, complex and compound-complex es 2&3 subject-verb concord
教学重点及难点： appliance of grammatical, notional and proximity concords in some special conditions;
2.
problems of subject-verb concord.教 学 基 本 内 容
1.
the concepts of three principles guiding subject-verb concord: grammatical concord, notional concord and proximity concord.2.
problems of concord with a coordinate subject: concord with ―and‖ or ―both…and‖, concord with ―or‖/ ―either…or‖, ―nor‖/ ―neither…nor‖, ―not only…but also‖;
3.
problems of concord with expreions of quality as subject: concord with expreion of definite quality as subject, concord with expreion of indefinite quality as subject;
4.
other problems of subject-verb concord: problems of concord with a nominal clause as subject, subject-verb concord with a non-finite clause or subject, subject-verb concord in relative clauses, cleft-sentences, and existential e 2 subject-verb concord(i)2.1 guiding principles
1)grammatical concord
2)notional concord
3)proximity 2.2 problems of concord with nouns ending in-s disease and game names ending in –s
they are mostly treated as singulars.a few such names can be used either as singular or as t names ending in –ics
such names are generally singular nouns, but some such nouns are treated as plural when used in other senses than subject phical names ending in –s
plural except for a few treated as singular when used as country names.4)
other nouns ending in –s disease and game names ending in –s
they are mostly treated as singulars.a few such names can be used either as singular or as s, mumps, rickets, shingles, diabetes, arthritis, phlebitis, aids, t names ending in –ics
such names are generally singular nouns, but some such nouns are treated as plural when used in other senses than subject ics, claics, electronics, informatics, linguistics, mechanics, optics, plastics, thermodynamics, phical names ending in –s
plural except for a few treated as singular when used as country nouns ending in –s
calipers, compaes, flares, forceps, glaes, jeans, pants, pincers, pliers, scales, sciors, shades, shorts, suspenders, spectacles, etc.2.3 problems of concord with collective nouns as subject 1)collective nouns usually used as plural
people, police, cattle, militia, poultry, vermin, etc.2)collective nouns usually used as singular
foliage, cutlery, poetry, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise, etc.3)collective nouns used either as plural or as singular
couple, crew, government, majority, opposition ,etc 4)a committee, etc + plural noun
a committee / board / panel of
lecture 3
subject-verb concord(ii)teaching contents 3.1 problems of concord with a coordinate subject 3.2 problems of concord with expreions of quantity as subject 3.3 other problems of subject-verb concord
3.1 problems of concord with a coordinate subject coordination by “and” or “both …and”
it is usually treated as plural when it refers to two or more than two persons/things, but it is singular when referring to one person or ll and swimming are usually summer friend and adviser has agreed to lend me his “each… and each…” or “every… and every…”, the verb is also in the singular form: man and each woman is asked to flower and every bush is to be cut indefinite pronouns anybody/anyone, everybody/everyone, nobody/no one, and somebody/someone combine with singular verb forms, even though co-referent pronouns and determiners may be plural forms.e.g.[everybody]‘s doing what they think they‘re supposed to has their fridges repaired any more, they can‘t afford /every… he/she/they
the moment each of the girls was too busy thinking about her own personal safety to care much about the ―each/every+ singular n.… they/their‖ is right as of the students should have his/their own member brings their own such exams as toefl, the pronoun referring to
―nobody/everybody/everyone/someone/somebody/anybody/anyone/no one‖ can only be he/his instead of they/r, as english learners it must be known that ―everyone…they‖ is used more often than ―everyone…he‖.ne warned you, didn‘t they?
has anybody brought their camera? no one could have blamed themselves for one / each / each one /*every one of the students should have their/his own books.2)coordination by “or” / “either…or”, “neither…nor”, “not only…but also” here the problem is dealt with according to the principle of proximity. sisters or my brother is likely to be at my father or my brothers are ally we can have the following use: r he nor his wife have formal cases, especially in exams, ―neither‖ is used with singular verb.r of them is used with plural nouns in informal cases, ―neither‖ can also be used with plural verb.r of the books are/is very interesting.—i can‘t swim.—-neither can i.—he didn‘t like the play.—nor did r is usually in formal cases, but nor is often used in spoken english.3)subject + as well as, as much as, rather than, more than, no le than;with, along with, together with, in addition to, except + verb(determined by the form of the subject of the workers, as well as the manager, were working during the one except two students was late for the dinner.3.2 problems of concord with expreions of quantity as subject 1)concord with expreion of definite quantity as subject
a)when regarded as a single unit, the verb is singular;when regarded as the individuals that constitute the quantity, the verb takes plural years in prison was the penalty he had to pay.b)a fraction/percentage + of-phrase+(
d)one in/out of + plural noun + verb(ar;) in ten students has/have failed the exam.2)concord with expreion of indefinite quantity as subject.a)all of/some of/ none of /half of/most of + noun phrase of indefinite quantity +(
usage is fairly evenly divided between singular and plural concord with none of: ne of us has been aboard except of us really believe it‘s ever going to happen not to us, she said at last.[fiction] however, none alone shows a distinct preference for singular concord: e.g.[none] describes him/herself as such in the party‘s official literature.(news)plural concord is the norm in conversation, while in the written registers there is an overall preference for singular of + n.+ v 1)当none与不可数名词连用或指代不可数名词时，其谓语动词总是用单数。e.g.i wanted some more coffee, but there was none left.2)当none与复数名词连用或指代复数名词时，传统语法规定其谓语动词必须用单数。此用法得到英语教材和各类英语实体的肯定和强调。但是，实际应用中人们往往使用―概念一致‖原则，用动词的复数形式。所以，quirk说：―用复数动词较为常见，并且，在正式用法中也为人们普遍接受。‖ ne of the books has/have been placed on the but the brave deserves the fair.唯有勇者才配得上美女。
none are so deaf as those who will not hear.不愿听从的人是最聋的人。
no one 单独使用时只用于指人。
one should pride themselves on this result.但是，no one之后接-of短语时，既可指人也可指物。 one of you could lift it.i reach three books on this subject, no one of which was 既可指人也可指物。
many elephants did you see? one of them really understands the one 与no-one在英语里是并存的，目前尚未统一形式。no-one 为英国英语，而no one是美国英语
b)lots of/heaps of/loads of/scads of/plenty of + noun phrase +(
there is a collection of pictures at the town hall.a great deal / a great many
a great(good)deal之后要加介词of才能与名词连用，而a great(good)many可以直接与名词连用。另外，a great deal of跟不可数名词连用，而a great many则与可数名词连用。
chest contained a great/good deal of money.a great deal还可作形容词或副词比较级的修饰语 job was a great deal easier.a lot of 既可跟不可数名词也可跟可数名词，谓语动词决定于名词的单复数。 is a lot of beer in those bottles of 与amounts of , quantities of 不同，后两者是中心词而非修饰语。
amounts of money were spent on the ties of food were on the table.a variety of + n.做主语时，其谓语动词决定于名词的数，也就是说，此处起作用的是概念一致原则。
e.g.a great variety of books were recently published.a wide range of + pl.n.充当主语时，其谓语动词应用单数；a bouquet of flowers也是用单数。
e.g.a wide range of washing-machines and refrigerators is displayed in our showroom.a bouquet of flowers was presented to the vicar‘s wife.a set of + pl.n.做主语时，人们使用谓语动词的形式并不是很一致。
is a set of rules that you must follow if you are going are set of unscrupulous scoundrels.d)determiner + species nouns(kind/type/sort)of + noun phrase(singular countable noun/uncountable noun)+verb(singular) kind of apples is highly countable nouns there tends to be agreement in number between the species noun and the following noun( kind of thing kinds of things).but we also find: singular species noun + e.g.i don‘t know what kind of dinosaurs they all are.i mean, do we want these kind of people in our team?
s noun + singular noun s tended to target certain types of car he said.e)many a + noun phrase + verb(singular)
more than one + singular noun + singular verb
more + than one + a man has sacrificed his than one member has protested against the persons than one have been involved.f)in “an average of/a majority of + noun phrase(pl.)+ verb”, when noun is regarded as the individuals that constitute the quantity, the verb takes plural form;otherwise, it is singular.e.g.a majority of the towns younger men are moving to the city.a majority of three votes to one was recorded.3.3 other problems of subject-verb concord 1)problems of concord with a nominal clause as subject when the subject is a nominal clause introduced
by what, which, how, why, whether, the verb usually takes the singular when two or more such clauses are coordinated by and or both…and, a plural verb is i saw was a i saw and think are no busine of svc construction with a what-clause as subject，when the subject complement is plural, or when the what-clause is plural in meaning, the verb of the main clause can be they want are promises.2)subject-verb concord with a non-finite clause as subject generally speaking, the verb is when two or more such clauses are coordinated by and, the verb of the main clause is singular when the subject refers to one thing, and is plural when the
subject refers to separate eat well is all he asks.3)subject-verb concord in relative clauses one of + plural noun + relative clause(verb)the(only)one of + plural noun + relative clause(singular verb)4)subject-verb concord in cleft-sentences here the verb is determined by the number of the focal element functioning as subject in the clause.i—-am;me—third person singular number is i who am to is me that is to blame.5)subject-verb concord in existential sentences generally the verb is determined by the notional the notional subject is a coordinate construction, the verb form goes with the first coordinate element of the notional in informal style, spoken language, the verb is often singular. is a book on the is many people in the is more grace and le an and dutch beer are much lighter than short term and the long term loan are handled differently.按英语惯用法，一个单数名词受前置限定时，如果此名词表示两个或两个以上的事物，根据概念一致的原则，其谓语动词用复数；但是当此类名词受后置限制时，其谓语动词用单数。
er from america and holland is much lighter than british ty
许多英美出版的语法书和惯用法都指出，majority和minority不能与不可数名词连用。 的―current english usage‖(p161)说： ―majority may be used only for number with countable nouns, not for amount or quantity with ma nouns: the majority of the eggs were bad is correct;the majority of the butter was bad is rly, we cannot speak of the majority of the land/time/one‘s must use most, or the greater part‖.但是，practical english usage(1980)有一例： majority of the damage is easy to 的观点来使用the majority of。
majority虽然在语法上是个单数名词，但在概念上却具有复数的意义：most, almost all, many。因此一般与复数动词连用。 majority of children like majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.若后面没有-of短语时，the majority 作主语时。如果泛指多数（与少数相对），谓语单复数均可。eg，the majority is /are doing its/their best。//in favor of the plan。//against him。
1．如果指整体、统一体，majority 常被看作单数。
the majority is always able to impose its will on the minority。// is for him。2.如果指多数中的各个成员, majority 被看成复数。
the majority are of different minds on the matter 3．如果指多出的数目，majority 看成单数。
her majority was 5 vote //his majority was a big(small)one..the rest(+of noun)+verb 遵循概念一致原则，而非语法一致原则。 rest are to wait for rest needs no + adjective 做主语：
1）当表示一类人的整体时， young, the old, the poor, the rich, the blind, the dead, 谓语动词用复数。
wise look to the wiser for advice.2）当表示具体的人，而不是某一类人的整体，谓语动词用单数形式。 deceased is my uncle.3）表示抽象的概念或某种笼统的东西时，谓语动词用单数形式。 best is yet to unknown is always something to be + of + , 其谓语动词形式
取决于上下文和所表达的真正意思。当充当of宾语 的名词具有重要意义时，谓语动词用复数形式，当 所表达的价值具有重要意义时，则谓语动词用单数 形式。
a thousand pounds‘ worth of cigarettes were stolen.（此处重要的是香烟被盗）大约价值1000英镑的香烟被盗。
there is nearly a thousand pounds‘ worth of cigarettes on that shelf.（此处重要的是香烟的价值）在那个架子上的香烟价值大约为1000英镑
leon 4
noun and noun phrase
教学重点及难点：
number forms of the collective, material, abstract and proper noun.教 学 基 本 内 容
1.
claification of nouns: simple, compound and derivative nouns, proper and common nouns, count and noncount nouns.2.
number forms of nouns: regular and irregular plural forms of nouns;
3.
number forms of the collective, material, abstract and proper noun: number forms of the collective noun, number forms of the material nouns, number forms of the abstract noun, number forms of the proper noun;
4.
partitives: the definition of partitives, general partitives, partitives related to the shape of things, partitives related to volume, partitives related to the state of action, partitives denoting pairs, groups, e 4 noun and noun phrase
teaching contents 4.1 claification of nouns and function of noun phrases 4.2 number forms of nouns 4.3 partitives 4.1 claification of nouns and function of noun phrases 1)claification of nouns a)simple, compound and derivative nouns: by word-formation b)common and proper nouns: by lexical meaning c)countable noun and uncountable noun this claification is based on the grammatical features of nouns instead of whether they are ing grammatical features, uncountable nouns cannot have numeral before them(*two information), have no plural forms(*informations)and cannot be modified by ―how many‖ but by ―how much‖
2)functions of noun phrases nouns can function as all the elements in a sentence except the predicative verb.y elected him chairman of the returned last night.a photo is taken each time this button is pushed
the general pattern of noun phrase is
(determiner)+(premodifier)+noun+(postmodifier)the premodifier of noun phrase can be noun as well as participle.e.g.a table leg, water supply, the life sciences when noun is used as premodifier, it can be either singular, plural, or both.(1)singular noun as premodifier legs = legs of a table / tables
a shoe store = a store that sells shoes
a car race = a race between cars
a kitchen sink = a sink in a kitchen when the plural noun in the postmodifier is changed into premodifier, it usually becomes singular.e.g.a cloth for dishes = a dish cloth
decay of teeth = tooth decay
a station for buses = a bus station
a pocket for trousers = a trouser pocket
a tray for ashes = an ash tray(2)singular or plural noun as premodifier
re is ambiguity n language(s)department= department of foreign languages
(foreign language department = department of a foreign language)soft drinks manufacturer = manufacturer that produces several kinds of soft drink soft drink manufacturer = manufacturer that produces one kind of soft drink ent meanings
art degree = a degree in fine art an arts degree = a degree in the humanities(3)only plural noun as premodifier e.g.a customs officer, a goods train, clothes hanger, sales technique, contents bill, savings bank
it is more popular to use plural nouns as premodifiers in british english than in american it tends to increase.(4)when the head of the noun phrase is collective noun or name of an organization, the plural noun as the premodifier can have two forms, but the same ists(‘)institute for public information but the singular noun is seldom teachers/ teachers‘/ *teacher‘s college 4.2 number forms of nouns
number is a grammatical distinction which determines whether a noun or determiner is singular or plural.1)regular and irregular plural the regular is formed by adding –s or –es to the base, while the irregular is formed by changing the internal vowel or by changing the ending of the lar plurals also include some words of foreign origin, borrowed from greek, latin or plural forms are known as ―foreign plurals‖, —bases, criterion— borrowed words have two plural forms: a foreign plural and an english —media – mediums for some, their singular and plural number share the same form，a)animal names singular form and regular plural coexist: antelope, elk, fish, flounder, herring, reindeer, shrimp, woodcock（羚羊，麋，鱼，比目鱼，鲱鱼，驯鹿，虾，丘鹬（别名山鹬） caught several fish/three little went catching shrimp/shrimps.i shot two elk/elks.b)singular form is usually used: bison, grouse, quail, salmon, swine（野牛 , 松鸡，鹌鹑，鲑（大麻哈鱼），猪） farmer raises many quail/quails and chickens.c)singular form is always used: cod, deer, mackerel, trout, sheep.（鳕，鹿，鲐鱼，真鳟） is a are deer.b).nationality nouns some words ending in sound /z/ or /s/ use singular form: chinese, japanese, lebanese, portuguese, sinhalese, vietnamese, swi e.g.i am a are four chinese in the training cla.c)quantitative nouns(hundred/thousand/million/billion)a)cardinal numeral + hundred/thousand/million/billion + hundred / *two hundred of years ago that‘s going to take hundreds of/*hundreds al numeral + million + al numeral + millions of + millions of dollars
three million dollars when the noun is omitted, if it is not monetary unit, the singular form is more often used than the plural form;if it is, the regular plural form is used. population rose to four million / firm had to pay three millions.b)several/many/a few + singular / plural(of)+ has played the part several hundred times / several hundreds of + regular plural + has played the piano some hundreds of times / many, many times.(some hundred times = about a hundred times)c)dozen, score bought three score(of)eggs.i have been there dozens of has already asked me several dozens of/ many scores of times.2)number forms of the collective, material, abstract and proper nouns a)number forms of the collective noun some are countable, while some are ble nouns behave like individual uncountable one has no plural form;if we want to count the number, we will use a kind of individual noun related semantically to the collective, — collective nouns can be used in either singular or plural following verb is determined by the singular or plural sense.b)number forms of the material noun generally they are [u] and have no plural r, some items can be used either uncountably or material nouns can take plural endings to convey the large quantity or scope , /sands, snow/snows
sometimes material nouns are [c] to expre ―one type of‖ or ―various types of‖ this material.e.g.i n britain tea is usually drunk with sugar in it.i‘d like to have a famous hardly bought wine at lunch like wines and material nouns become [c] to expre ―packet of ‖, ―cups of‖. many beers were you wanting?
how many tins of beer were you wanting? when referring to the material itself, they are [u];otherwise, they are [c], , rubber
c)number forms of the abstract noun mostly they are [u] and cannot take such determiners as a/one or plural forms.a few are [c], y— are not [c], although they have plural endings, e.g.*several addition of a plural ending to some can change the meaning of the base, ence— can only use singular form with ―a‖, some only plural form, some both. has a dislike/dread/hatred/horror/love of had a good knowledge of my best regards to your refused with much regret / many regrets.i have a suspicion / suspicions that he‘s abstract nouns can have indefinite article to expre ―a type of‖ or ―an example of‖.a)some can have an indefinite article only if modifier are doing *a busine / a brisk busine.i attach an exaggerated importance/importance to regular exercise.b)if modifier is implied, ―a/an‖ can has had an education(= a good education).c)some can have ―a/an‖ regardle of modifier.e.g.a knowledge/ a good knowledge of english is eential.d)number forms of the proper noun they have no plural forms, except for such proper name as the united states, the philippines, the one takes a plural ending, it takes on some characteristics of a common noun, browns
4.3 partitives
they are also called unit nouns and used to denote a part of a whole or the quantity of an undifferentiated ma.1)general partitives: piece, bit, item, article 2)partitives related to the shape of things: cake, bar, drop, ear, flight, grain, head, loaf, lump 3)partitives related to volume: bottle, bowl, pail, bucket, handful, spoonful.4)partitives related to the state of action: a fit of anger/coughing/laughter/fever 5)partitives denoting pairs, groups, flocks: pair, herd, litter, swarm, bench, troupe, 5 genitive noun
教学重点及难点：
1.
the differences between ‗s genitive and of genitive;
2.
the use of independent genitive and double genitive
教 学 基 本 内 容
1.
formation of genitive nouns, meanings of genitive nouns as poeive genitive, subjective genitive, objective genitive, genitive of origin, time, distance, etc, descriptive genitive;
2.
use of genitive nouns: genitive nouns are mostly used as central determiners and therefore perform the same function as ―poeive determiners‖;
3.
independent genitive and double genitive: independent genitive is used when the miing noun ahs occurred somewhere in the context, when the miing noun refers to somebody‘s house or residence, church, school, or other public formation of double genitive and the difference between double genitive and of e 5
genitive noun teaching contents 5.1 formation, meanings and uses of genitive nouns
5.2 independent genitive and double genitive
case is a grammatical category and denotes the changes in the form of a noun or a pronoun showing its relationship with other words in a modern english is basically an analytic language, english nouns have not a complicated case system like that of latin, german, or modern different grammatical functions of english nouns in a sentence are mostly determined by the word order, not by case is in this sense that the genitive case may be viewed as a relic of the old case genitive was traditionally labelled as the poeive case systems: the unmarked common case and the marked genitive case: boy, boy‘s
the genitive case: the inflected genitive(the –s genitive)(屈折所属格）and the periphrastic genitive(the of-genitive)（迂回所属格） children‘s toys，the toys of children 5.1 formation, meanings and uses of genitive nouns 1)rules of formation of the –s genitive a)adding ‘s to singular nouns and to those plural nouns that don‘t end in –s , mother‘s arrival, women‘s clothes
b)adding an apostrophe to plural nouns ending in –s, teachers‘ college, the workers‘ achievements
c)adding ‘s to the compound nouns or to the end of a postmodified noun phrase, brother-in-law‘s friend, a cat and dog‘s life, [the teacher of music]‘s room
d)in coordinate nouns, the genitive ending is added to each of the coordinate elements when denoting respective poeion, and only to the last coordinate element when denoting common poeion, a‘s and england‘s problems(respective);
america and england‘s problems(in common)
coordinated genitive
head of the noun phrase is singular: charles and louise‘s / charles‘s and louise‘s child is really lovely.(the child is a joint offspring of charles and louise.) head of the noun phrase is plural: charles and louise‘s / charles‘s and louise‘s children are really lovely.(the children are joint offspring of charles and louise.)
‘s and mary‘s children:
children who are offspring of john and mary ‘s child and mary‘s child ‘s children and mary‘s child ‘s child and mary‘s children ‘s children and mary‘s children coordinated genitives are and his brother‘s children f
to avoid ambiguity? a.i‘m interested in henry and herbert‘s book(s)/ the book(s)of henry and ‘s house and ‘s are not far from here.5.―or‖ only connects coordinated genitive is that a lady‘s or gentleman‘s wrist-watch? is that a wrist-watch of a lady or gentleman? i wonder whether it is tom‘s or peter‘s house / the house of tom or peter.e)in the construction of ―noun phrase + appositive‖, the genitive ending is added to the end of the appositive, or both to the end of the noun phrase and to the appositive, is my clamate nancy‘s car? tom has gone to basel‘s, the blacksmith‘s shop f)in personal names ending in sibilant /z/, the genitive ending can either be ‘s or an apostrophe only, but it can only be ‘s when personal names end in other sibilant sounds，‘ / burns‘s poem(sibilant /z/);
ro‘s poem
2)meanings of genitive nouns the genitive is chiefly used to denote poeion, and therefore, is traditionally called ―poeive case‖.but genitive meanings are by no means restricted to poeion, as shown in the following: a)poeive genitive， son‘s wife, n‘s paport
b)subjective genitive, student‘s application
c)objective genitive family‘s support d)genitive of origin girl‘s story
e)descriptive(claifying)genitive(not of-genitive)e.g.a women‘s college
(=college for women/*of women)f)genitive of measure e.g.a four days‘ journey, two dollars‘ worth of apples
3)uses of genitive nouns genitive nouns are mostly used as central determiners and therefore perform the same function as ―poeive determiners‖,(traditionally called poeive pronouns), boy‘s father= his father mary‘s letter = her letter
a)as central determiners, genitive nouns can‘t collocate with other central determiner, nor can they be preceded by a ‘s letter, * a mary‘s letter;
mary‘s interesting letter, * interesting mary‘s letter
this, however, does not apply to some other genitive nouns such as the descriptive genitive and the genitive that denotes time, distance, value or se genitive nouns are not used as determiners but as premodifiers in the noun phrases, e.g.a/the children‘s book, a pleasant three day‘s journey
claifying genitive differ in a number of respects from specifying constructions.1)they respond to the question ―what kind of …?‖ rather than ―whose …?‖, which displays their similarity to adjectives and other such noun premodifiers, rather than to fact, they cannot be replaced by poeive determiners.2)they can be preceded by determiners and modifiers of the whole noun phrase, rather than of the genitive noun alone: a new children‘s again is true also for adjective and noun premodifiers of nouns.3)they form an inseparable combination with the following noun and do not usually allow an intervening adjective: *children‘s new book.4)they are frequently paraphrased by a for-phrase rather than an of construction, as in books for e again constructions with noun premodifier like baby characteristics reflect the close bond between a claifying genitive and the following head noun.b)the choice of genitive
the –s genitive is favoured by the animate nouns in particular persons and animals with personal gender of-genitive is chiefly used with nouns denoting lower animals and with inanimate main factor governing the choice of the one or the other genitive form is the animate or rather the personal quality of the there is considerable overlap in the use of the two animate nouns normally take the –s genitive, but the of-genitive is also poible in most ate nouns regularly take the of-genitive, but a great many occur with the –s four claes of animate nouns normally take the –s genitive, but the of-genitive is also poible a)personal names—george washington‘s statue, susan‘s pupils b)personal nouns—the boy‘s new shirt, my sister-in-law‘s hat
c)collective nouns—the government‘s conviction, the majority‘s choice d)higher animals
—the horse‘s neck, the tiger‘s strips
the –s genitive is also used with certain kinds of inanimate nouns a)geographical names—continents: europe‘s future—countries: china‘s development
—states: minnesota‘s immigrants
—cities/towns: hollywood‘s studios, london‘s water supply
—universities: harvard‘s linguistics department b)locative nouns denoting regions, heavenly bodies, institutions:—the world‘s economic organization, the moon‘s interior, the school‘s history c)temporal nouns—a week‘s holiday
d)nouns of special interest to human activity—my life‘s aim, love‘s spirit, the novel‘s structure, the wine‘s character, television‘s future
the use of the –s genitive and of-genitive(1)we must use the –s genitive when…
a)the noun modified is followed by a post-modifier or an appositive.—the monitor‘s brother, an actor was here then.b)it is a claifying genitive.—have you a copy of the teacher‘s book?
c)the –s genitive is used in some set expreions:—a wolf in sheep‘s clothing
people don‘t get their money‘s worth.*people don‘t get the worth of their must use the of-genitive when…
a)the noun in the of-phrase is followed by some modifiers or appositives—some sentences have been changed at the suggestion of the teachers present in the meeting.b)the definite article +-ed participle or adjective denoting a cla of people in the of-phrase structure—the life of the poor c)the prepositional complementation in the of-phrase exprees the origin of the headword modified
—the joy of his return(the joy derives from his return)
d)the genitive is used to expre the poeive relationship between part and whole—the middle of the night—the back of the claroom—the top of the page—the bottom of the ladder e)there are determiners before the two nouns—their knowledge of her feeling—this dog of the country
the difference between the –s genitive and the of-genitive(a)the –s genitive : regularity and continuity
the of-genitive : contingency of things—my last week‘s article(每周一次的连载文章）—my article of last week(偶尔刊登的文章）(b)the –s genitive: informal
the of-genitive: formal—the woman next door‘s husband—the foreign policy of china
(c)the –s genitive: literal sense(字面意义）
the of-genitive: extended meaning(引申意义）and symbolic meaning(象征意义）
—the tree‘s top（树梢）
—the top of the tree(出类拔萃）—the table‘s top(桌面）
—the top of the table（上座，首席）
5.2 independent genitive and double genitive 1)independent genitive when the genitive occurs without a following head, the head of the noun phrase omitted, and functions independently as an element, it is called independent genitive.a)the noun occurring in the context can be retrieved—my car is faster than john‘s(car).b)names and nouns referring to persons which denote residence:
see you at harry‘s tomorrow.—shall we meet at his brother‘s(house).c)proper nouns for certain well-known buildings:
‘s(cathedral), queen‘s(college)‘s(palace)the noun: church, school, public buildings—he lives near ‘s(cathedral)in london.d)words for shops denoted by the type of shopkeeper: the baker‘s/butcher‘s/grocer‘s/greengrocer‘s commercial firms—i buy my meat at johnson‘s(shop).2)double genitive an independent genitive when functioning as prepositional complementation is called post- prepositional phrase with a post-genitive as complementation is called double genitive.—a friend of my father‘s 1)the use of the double genitive a)partitive meaning denoting ―one of…‖—this is a book of my mother‘s.(one of …)
nite, definite, personal—a friend of the doctor‘s(*the cover of a book‘s)attention to some points a)noun head with ―this, these, that, those‖: it has emotional colouring : praise, disapproval, pleasure, displeasure—that child of his sister‘s is very clever.—that son of henry‘s is a rascal.a boy of a girl 一般的of短语用来修饰或限制前面的名词的，但是，在此处：限定词+名词1+of + a/an + 名词2，of短语与前面的名词构成同位关系，而且名词2是概念的中心，of短语是对名词2进行修饰的，就像一个形容词：
an angel of a wife = an angelic wife;the fool of a policeman = the foolish policeman a boy of a girl 一个男孩气的女孩子 *一个女孩气的男孩 a palace of a house 宫殿般的房子
a great elephant of a woman 一个庞大如象的女人
此结构的特点是：名词2前必须使用不定冠词，而名词1前可用任何限定词(a, this, that, her, your) dog of a landlord 狗地主
that great pig of a louis xviii 大肥猪路易十八
this / a / their palace of a house *these palaces of a house
b)difference between double genitive and of phrase—he is a friend of my father‘s.(many, one of them)—he is a friend of my father.(in good terms)a: who told you that? b: a friend of your father‘s.a: if he says such things, he is not a friend of my father.c)the noun head: picture, portrait, printing, photograph, bust, statue the double genitive—the picture that one keeps the of phrase—the picture of one‘s own—this is a portrait of ‘s—this is a portrait of d)the noun head: criticism, opinion, judgment，—a criticism of william‘s = a criticism offered by william—a criticism of william = a criticism about william correct the errors of the genitives if any: ‘s the dictionary of cathy‘s?
2.i don‘t know whether this is a lady or a gentleman‘s love of a child took the fancy of all of poem of shelly‘s he recited a hundred times was ode to the west and horatia‘s eyes dictionary of cathy‘s
2.a lady‘s or(a)gentleman‘s wristwatch 3.t 4.t 5.t
leon 6 determiners(i)
教学重点及难点：
ations between determiners: predeterminers, central determiners and postdeterminers.2.a comparative study of some determiner usage: some, any, every ,much, etc.教 学 基 本 内 容
1.
collocations between determiners and nouns: determiners with all three claes of nouns, with singular count nouns, plural count nouns, noncount nouns, etc;
2.
collocations between three kind of determiners: the category of predeterminer ,central determiner and postdeterminer, word order of three subclaes of determiners: predeterminer + central determiner + postdeterminer;
3.
a comparative study of some determiner usage: many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a few, a little, some, any, all, both, every, each, either, iners, as a cla of words, include: article(definite article, indefinite article, and zero article), poeive determiners, genitive nouns, demonstrative determiners, relative determiners, interrogative determiners, indefinite determiners, cardinal and ordinal numerals, fractional and multiplicative numerals, and other quantifiers 6.ations between determiners and nouns
the choice of determiners is closely related to what might be called the three claes of nouns: singular count nouns, plural cont nouns and noucount se tree claes of nouns demand appropriate determiners to collocate iners with all three claes of nouns
determiners such as poeive determiners, genitive nouns and the definite article as well as some any, no, the other, and whom can go with all the three claes of nouns, eg: the car the cars the money his car his cars his money some book some books some money no book no books no money whose book whose books whose money determiners with singular count nouns only determiners such as a(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a ,such a can only collocate with singular count nouns, eg: each worker every student either book neither book another book such a book determiners with plural count nouns only determiners such as, two, three, etc, another, two/ three, many,(a)few, several, these, those, a(great)number of can only collocate with plural count nouns, eg: both workers
(a)few words several girls
these / those tourists a number of men
many students determiners with noncount nouns only determiners such as a(little)bit of ,a great amount of ,a great deal of ,(a)little, much, le ,least can only collocate with noncount nouns, eg: much noise(a)little courage a bit of fun
a large amount of money le oil
(the)least oil determiners with singular and plural count nouns only determiners such as the first, the second, the last, the next can go with wither singular or plurals count nouns, eg‖ the first rose/ roses the last man/ men the next meeting/ meetings determiners with singular and noncount nouns only determiners such as this that can collocate with either singular or noncount nouns, eg: this/ that job
this / that work determiners with plural and noncount nouns only determiners such as a lot of , lots of , plenty of, enough, most, such, other can go with plural and noncount nouns, but not with singular nouns,eg: enough copies
enough bread more eays
more time most people
most work this cla of determiners may also include le and least, which, as has been mentioned above, normally occur with noncount nouns, but in present day english, especially in formal style, may occasionally occur with plural nouns,eg: le and le people can afford to go abroad for their cal programs on tv attract the least use of le and least is regarded by some as non-standard.6.2)collocations between determiners
as has been mentioned before, besides the collocations between determiners and nouns, there is the problem of word order between determiners if a noun 0phrase contains more than one l determiners, predeterminers and postdeterminers according to their potential, determiners fall into three subclaes: central determiners, predeterminers and l determiners included: the article;demonstrative determiner;poeive determiners;genitive nouns;some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough;what(ever),which(ever),whose, that central determiners are mutually exclusive and that no two members of the above-cited items ever occur together in a noun erminers are those hat precede central erminers are also mutually include: all, both, half, double, twice, three times, -third, two-fifths, etc;what, such(a/an).postdeterminers refer to those that follow central or terminers are not mutually exclusive, that is to say, two or more such items can co=occur in a noun subcla includes: cardinal numerals;ordinal numerals;next, another ,etc;many much,(a_ few,(a)little, fewer,(the)fewest, le(the)least, more, most;several, plenty of , a lot of lots of , a great/large/good number of, a great/good deal of , a large/ small amount of , order of three subclaes of determiners
when a noun phrase contains all three subclaes of determiners, their normal order is ―predetermine + central determiner + post determiner(s)‖: all the four students all these last few days both his two sisters if the noun phrase contains only two of the subclaed, they follow the same order, ie ―predeterminer + central determiner‖:
half his income both his parents all the tourists ―central determiner+postdeterminer‖: the author‘s last books some such alloy his last few words ―predeterminer+postdeterminer‖: all three books all other students half such people
―postdeterminer+postdeterminer‖ several hundred tourists three other girls many more copies 6.3)a comparative study of some determiner usage many, much, a lot of ,lots of, plenty of
leon 7 determiners(ii)–articles
教学重点及难点：
1.
articles in use with different claes of nouns;
2.
some phrases applied with definite, indefinite and zero articles
教 学 基 本 内 容
1.
generic and specific reference: generic reference, specific reference, anaphoric, cataphoric and situational reference.2.
articles in use with different claes of noun: articles in use with the proper noun, articles in use with the common noun and other use of articles;
3.
some phrases applied with definite, indefinite and zero articles: phrases with zero articles as at anchor, in force, out of hand etc, phrases with definite articles as for the time being, on the spot, in the long run, etc, and examples with indefinite articles as before person‘s names, or before the non-finite element, e 7 determiners(ii)—articles in the previous lecture we touched upon the fact that articles are the most typical of we will concentrate on this h has two articles: the definite and the indefinite we know, all english common nouns have article contrast, so with plural count nouns and noncount nouns, the absence of an article signals the presence of another kind of article—the zero is in this sense that we may also say that english has three articles—the definite, the indefinite, and the zero articles.7.1 generic and specific references in discuing the use of article, we must distinguish between generic and specific c reference when we say the reference is generic, we are talking about any membe4r representative of a cla of people of the three forms of article can be used generically to refer to members of a cla as a certain contexts, the definite article followed by a singular count noun often performs a generic same function can also be performed by the definite article combining with certain adjectives or adjectival c reference can also be denoted by the indefinite article followed by a singular count is especially common in giving so doing, we can also use plural and noncount nouns without the presence of any may be referred to as the generic use of the zero ic reference specific reference is different from generic reference in that it does not refer to a cla of people or things in general but to a particular specimen of the ic reference falls into two kinds: definite specific reference and indefinite specific te specific reference implies that a person or an object can be identified uniquely in the context or according to the common knowledge shared by speaker and definite article is most frequently used in this the case of indefinite specific reference the person or thing referred to is also a specific object, but is not definitely kind of referential meaning is most commonly expreed by the indefinite certain contexts and situations the zero article can perform the same ric, anaphoric and situational reference definite specific reference can be anaphoric, anaphoric, or word anaphoric means ―pointing backward‖.when what is referred to occurs in a previous context and the definite article has to point backward for its meaning, this is known as ―anaphoric reference‖.the anaphoric use of the definite article is called ―anaphoric the‖.anaphoric reference is also a kind of definite specific word means ―pointing forward‖.when the referential meaning of the definite article is determined by what follows the articles and the head, and the article has to point forward for its own interpretation, that is anaphoric ional reference is a kind of definite specific reference that depends not on any referent that has occurred in the context but solely on the common knowledge shred by speaker and hearer on a specific situation in which the reference is made ional reference is most commonly denoted by the definite article, but in certain situations the same function can also be performed by 8 & 9 pronouns(i, ii)
教学重点及难点：
ns concord in number, gender and case; usage of personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns.教 学 基 本 内 容
1.
pronouns concord in number, gender and number: pronoun concord with every-,some-, any-compounds as antecedent, with coordinate construction as antecedent, with collective nouns antecedent, and with ―plural noun/ pronoun +each‖ as gender, pronoun concord with male/female noun as antecedent, with common gender noun as antecedent, and with neutral gender noun as antecedent, etc;
2.
choice of pronoun forms: choice between subjective and objective case, choice between adjective and genitive case;
3.
poeive pronoun, reflexive pronoun, and generic use of personal pronouns;
4.
pronoun reference: anaphoric, cataphoric, situational reference, personal reference, and demonstrative ng contents 8.1 pronoun concord in number 8.2 pronoun concord in gender 8.3 pronoun concord in person
pronouns are a varied closed-cla words with nominal h has a developed pronoun system, comprising:
al pronouns pronouns ive pronouns ocal pronouns trative pronouns ogative pronouns ve pronouns nite pronouns 8.1 pronoun concord in number personal pronouns, poeive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and corresponding determiners have their singular and plural number contrast of pronouns differs from that of nouns in that pronoun number contrast is morphologically unrelated, as in i/we, he/they, as opposed to the typical regular formation of noun plurals: boy/ choice of pronoun number forms is generally determined by the number of its antecedent, that is, a pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number.—they haven‘t yet made up their own mind.1)pronoun concord with every-, some-, any-compounds as antecedent:
everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody，take the singular form(grammatical)—everybody looked after himself.—nobody wants to go there, does he? in informal style, the plural form, ne or everybody:—everybody knows what they have to hing, something, anything, nothing: singular—everything is ready, isn‘t?
2)pronoun concord with coordinate construction as antecedent(notional concord)—i bought bread and butter at the shop, and they cost 50c.—she likes bread and butter, but this is too thick.3)pronoun concord with collective noun as antecedent(notional concord)—the government is doing its best to boost production.—the government have discued the matter for a long time but they have shown no sign of reaching an agreement.4)pronoun concord with ―plural noun / pronoun + each‖ as antecedent
the choice of the number forms of the pronoun and corresponding determiner depends on the position of the appositive ―each‖: before the verb—plural form;
after the verb—singular form—we each are accountable for our own families.—we are each responsible for his own family.8.2 pronoun concord in gender gender is a grammatical is a set of grammatical forms of nouns, determiners and adjectives that tell of the distinctions of h nouns have four genders: masculine(man), feminine(woman), neutral(book)and common(student).but we do not mean any overt grammatical forms that show the distinctions of sex, but the differences of natural sex denoted by the lexical meaning of nouns.1)pronoun concord with male / female noun as antecedent—when paul met mary, he asked her to go to town.2)pronoun concord with common gender noun as antecedent some common gender nouns, such as doctor, teacher, engineer, lawyer, parent, student…… they can either be male or they are used in the singular for generic
reference, these nouns are generally referred to as he, a kind of practice that is opposed by feminists.—if a person breaks the law, he will be punished.—the parent of a teenage child often wonders where he went wrong.—parents of teenage children often wonder where they went wrong.(plural form)—when a customer calls, ask him to leave his phone number.—when a customer calls, be sure to ask for a phone number.(no pronoun or determiner is used.)in formal writing as in legal documents, ―he or she‖, ―his or her‖ can also be used.—the parent of a teenage child often wonders where he or she went wrong.(2)some common gender nouns such as baby, infant, and child are intermediate between personal and the speaker does not know , or is not interested in the sex of the baby or infant, he may use the neutral it:—the baby was sleeping in its if the speaker is the baby‘s mother, she is unlikely to refer to her baby as it:—watch out!the baby is trying to put the toy watch into his mouth.3)pronoun concord with neutral gender noun as antecedent when the antecedent is a singular noun of neutral gender, a noun denoting an inanimate or non-personal object, the neutral pronoun or the corresponding determiner is generally used.(it / itself / its)—that book has lost its cover.i will put a new one on it.(2)just as a baby may be designated it, so a number of nonhuman species may be designated he or she.(car, ship)—the car needs some ‘s fill her / him up at the next garage.(3)when the antecedent is an animal noun, it is generally referred to as it in nonexpert the anima is spoken of with emotion or is personified, it may be referred to as he or she.—the cat is a useful animal because it eats rats.—the cat leaped onto my bed and coiled herself is also true of the names of celestial bodies or abstract ideas: sun, moon, earth, nature, history, war, death—the sun is shining in all his splendid beauty.—nature, the greatest artist, makes her common flowers in the common view.(4)names of countries may be treated either as feminine or used as geographical units, they are treated as inanimate and therefore neutral:—china is in east is one of the largest countries in the used as political or economic units, the names of countries are often feminine, she or her is generally used:—china has a history of over 5000 is proud of her culture.8.3 pronoun concord in person by pronoun concord in person, we mean two things: pronoun concord in person on sentential level in a sentence, the person of a pronoun is determined by the person of its antecedent.—my brother has sold his the antecedent is a coordinate construction containing a first or second person pronoun, the referring pronoun should be first and second person in plural number.—my friend and i are reading the ‘ll be through in half an hour.—you and the accountant are familiar with can both see him.2)pronoun concord in person on textual level in a text pronouns should be consistent in person from beginning to is a matter of speaking or writing from what point of view, from the speaker‘s or writer‘s point of view or from that of a third party.a consistent point of view is a guarantee of clarity in ng contents 9.1 choice of pronoun case forms
9.2 reflexive pronouns
9.3 pronoun reference 9.1 choice of pronoun case forms
9.2 reflexive pronouns
9.3 pronoun reference pronoun reference is a kind of reference realized through the use of a pronoun is used it must refer to somebody or is referred to is called is the antecedent that indicates the referential meaning of the ric, cataphoric and situational reference according to the relative position of the antecedent, pronoun reference can be anaphoric or the antecedent occurs before the pronoun, which has to point backward for its own interpretation, that is anaphoric reference.—john has moved to a new had it built last the antecedent appears after the pronoun, and the pronoun has to point forward for its meaning, that is cataphoric reference.—when she has finished her work, mary left the the antecedent does not occur anywhere in a linguistic context, and the pronoun only refers to somebody or something indicated by an extra linguistic situation in which the utterance is given, that is situational reference.—how hard he studies a pronoun is used, it can only refer to one a pronoun has two or more poible antecedents, that will lead to ambiguity.—he introduced me to the pilot who had looked after him when he was in hospital.—he introduced me to the pilot whom he had looked after in the hospital…
2)personal reference personal reference is established by personal pronouns, poeive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and corresponding al reference is generally may occur within the sentence boundary or acro sentences.—when mary has finished her work, she left the office.—john has moved to a new had it built last al reference can also be cataphoric, but under limited lly speaking, cataphoric personal pronouns usually occur in subordinate constructions, and where cataphoric reference occurs, anaphoric reference canbe used instead, but not conversely.—when she had finished her work, mary left the office.(cataphoric)—when mary had finished her work, she left the office.(anaphoric)—mary bought a new dre, but she didn‘t like it.—she bought a new dre, but mary didn‘t like it.3)demonstrative reference demonstrative reference is established by demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative the demonstratives can be freely used in anaphoric reference.—the man gad been drinking too much;this explain his unsteady walk.a: i like the polar are my favorites.b: those are my favorites too.—our daughter got a bad sun-burn ‘s why we couldn‘t for cataphoric demonstratives, they are restricted to this and these, which are commonly used to refer to a following clause or sentence or a group of sentences.—―the great difficulty is this,‖ said the psychologist, ―you can move about in all directions of space, but you can‘t move about in time.‖
―that‖ and ―these‖ are rarely used occasionally so used, they often take on sarcastic meanings.—how do you like that? he stabs you in the back and then profees to be your 10 verb and verb phrase
教学重点及难点：
difference between finite and non-finite verb;
claifications and usage of some phrasal verbs
教 学 基 本 内 容
1.
claification of ing to different standards, verbs and verb phrases may falls into six types grammatically, semantically: main verbs and auxiliaries, transitive verbs, intransitive verbs and linking verbs, dynamic verbs and stative verbs, single-word verbs and phrasal verbs, finite and non-finite verbs, regular and irregular verbs;
2.
a survey of tense, aspect, voice and mood: tense and aspect, active and paive voice, finite and non-finite phrases.3.
the claifications and usage of some phrasal verbs: v.+ prep, v.+ adverb particle, v.+ adverb particle + usage of phrasal verbs as pride oneself on, take pride in and be proud of, e 10 verb and verb phrase teaching contents 10.1 claification of verbs(i)10.2 claification of verbs(ii)10.3 a survey of tense, aspect, voice and mood
10.1 claification of verbs(i)1)main verbs and auxiliaries
according to different roles played in the formation of verb phrases verbs are divided into two claes: main verbs and we know, a verb phrase may consist of a main verb only;this is called a simple verb phrase.a verb phrase may also take the form of a verb preceded by one or more auxiliaries;this is called a complex verb verbs are also called notional verbs functioning as the head and indicating the basic meaning of a verb aries fall into three categories: primary auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries and semi-auxiliaries.a)primary auxiliaries: be, do, t lexical meanings of their own, these auxiliaries have only grammatical functions or grammatical is usually used to help the main verb to form the progreive aspect or the expreive ary do is used to help the main verb to expre negative meanings or to form question, and sometimes to help expre the emphatic function of auxiliary have is to help the main verb to form the perfective or the perfective progreive aspect.b)modal auxiliaries: can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must, ought to, dare, need, used expre modal a finite verb phrase, we can use only one modal auxiliary which is invariably followed by the bare infinitive or the base form.c)semi-auxiliaries: have to, seem can help the main verb to form the complex verb phrase and expre the modal meaning on the one hand, and can, when preceded by other auxiliaries, function as main verbs on the other.2)transitive verbs, intransitive verbs and linking verbs verbs are divided in accordance with whether or not they must be followed by obligatory elements functioning as complementation and what kind of elements that must follow.a)transitive verbs must be followed by an are followed by two objects, ct object and direct object;.some by an object and an object complement;some by an object and an obligatory adverbial b)intransitive verbs do not require an object.c)linking verbs are followed by a subject complement.3)dynamic and stative verbs a)dynamic verbs refer to y can be subclaified into three categories:
durative verbs, transitional verbs and momentary verbs.b)stative verbs refer to present or past states, a relatively stable state of are normally incompatible with the progreive except in certain cases where there is a transfer of can be claified into four first includes main verbs ―be‖ and ―have‖.the second includes verbs that include, as part of their meaning, the notion of being and having, such as apply to, belong to, differ from, cost, weigh, third includes verbs that refer to a sense perception, such as hear, see, feel, taste, fourth subcla includes verbs that refer to a feeling, a state of mind or an opinion, such as aume, believe, consider, detest, e verbs are not used in progreive aspect, otherwise, they will be changed into dynamic verbs, such as be, is being foolish(=is acting foolishly).we‘re having a wonderful time(= are enjoying ourselves).the verbs resemble and cost are stative verbs when they are used to mean respectively ―be like‖ and ―be worth‖, but when used in other meanings, these two verbs just like dynamic verbs can occur in the resembles his is resembling his father(= is becoming more and more like his father)as the years go tion verbs when used in a non-volitional sense are stative verb, but when used in a volitional sense are dynamic verbs.e.g.i can taste pepper in it.i‘m tasting this dinal verbs such as think, imagine, understand are stative verbs, but they can occasionally be used dynamically to expre different meanings, quiet.i‘m thinking(= giving thought to a problem).there are also cases of a special polite use of the progreive with verbs like want, hope, you wanting to see me? 10.2 claification of ve
中学英语语法教案篇三
中学英语语法网络图全集 中学英语语法网络图 一．名词
i.名词的种类： 专有名词 普通名词
国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词
个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 ii.名词的数：
1.规则名词的复数形式：
名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 规则 例词
1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es cla-claes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes
3 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives
加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs
4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, henry-henrys
6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es hero-heroes, negro-negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2.不规则名词复数：
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下： 规则 例词
1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glaes, compaes, contents
4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff
5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, cla, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7 表示“某国人” 加-s americans, australians, germans, greeks, swedes, europeans
单复数同形 swi, portuguese, chinese, japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women englishmen, frenchwomen 8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, paers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants iii.名词的所有格：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的构成：
单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 复数名词 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights，以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ dickens’ novels, charles’s job, the smiths’ house
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s japan’s and america’s problems, jane’s and mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s japan and america’s problems, jane and mary’s father
表示”某人家””店铺”，所有格后名词省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s
2.’s所有格的用法：
1 表示时间 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday
2 表示自然现象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches
3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country’s plan, the world’s population, china’s industry
4 表示工作群体 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life’s time, the play’s plot
7 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)所有格的用法：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the clarooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppreed
二．冠词
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。i.不定冠词的用法：
1 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of a plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 a boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相当于every，one we study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相当于the same we are nearly of an age.5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 a came to visit you when you were out that boy is rather a lei feng.6 用于固定词组中 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 this room is rather a big one.8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 she is as clever a girl as you can wish to .定冠词的用法：
1 表示某一类人或物 the horse is a useful animal.2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the pacific ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 would you mind opening the door?
4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar
5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the greens, the wangs
7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 he is the taller of the two children.8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the united states, the communist party of china, the french
9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 the compa was invented in china.10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示单位的名词前 i hired the car by the hour.12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前 he patted me on the .零冠词的用法：
1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 beijing university, jack, china, love, air
2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 i want this book, not that one./ whose purse is this? 3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 march, sunday, national day, spring 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 lincoln was made president of america.5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 he likes playing football/che.6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land 7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night
8 表示泛指的复数名词前 horses are useful animals.三．代词：
i.代词可以分为以下七大类：
1 人称代词 主格 i, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
2 物主代词 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
3 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some
5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as
7 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little，other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either ii.不定代词用法注意点： , some与any: 1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。
one should learn to think of you any bookmarks? no, i don’t have any bookmarks.i have some questions to ask.2)some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。
would you like some bananas? could you give me some money? 3)some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。i have read this article in some correct the mistakes, if any.4)some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。
there are some 3,000 students in this you feel any better today? 和every: each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。
each student has a pocket dictionary./ each(of us)has a dictionary./ we each have a student has strong and weak points./ every one of us has strong and weak 和no：
no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。there is no water in the much water is there in the bottle? of the students are(is)afraid of 和another: 1)other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way，the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如： he held a book in one hand and his notes in the students in our cla failed, but all the others paed the exam.2)another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：
i don’t like this shirt, please show me another(one).the trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some like football, while others like 和both, neither和either all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定， of the books are not written in english./ not all of the books are written in of us are not teachers./ not both of us are teachers./ either of us is a teacher.四．形容词和副词 i.形容词：
1.形容词的位置：
1)形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：
1 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything poible
2 以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution poible
3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 the only person awake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long
5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序： 代词 数词 性状形容词
冠词前的形容词 冠词 指示代词 不定代词
代词所有格 序数词 基数词 性质 状态 大小 长短
形状 新旧
温度 颜色 国籍 产地 材料 质地 名词
all both such the a this another your second next one four beautiful good poor large short square new cool black yellow chinese london silk stone 3)复合形容词的构成：
1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词 world-famous 2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词 peace-loving
3 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词 snow-covered 4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged 5 副词+过去分词 newly-built 10 数词+名词 twenty-year ii.副词
副词的分类：
1 时间副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 频度副词 always, often, frequently, seldom, never
2 地点副词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑问副词 how, where, when, why
3 方式副词 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 连接副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile
4 程度副词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 关系副词 when, where, why iii.形容词和副词比较等级：
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。1.同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：i am not so good a player as you are.2.可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：the harder you work, the more progre you will make.4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：i have never spent a more worrying day.5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：
our school is three times larger than yours./our school is four times as large as yours./our school is four times the size of yours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
五．介词
i.介词分类：
1 简单介词 about, acro, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on
2 合成介词 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3 短语介词 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to
4 双重介词 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5 分词转化成的介词 considering(就而论), including 6 形容词转化成的介词 like, unlike, near, next, opposite ii.常用介词区别：
1 表示时间的in, on, at at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关
2 表示时间的since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始
3 表示时间的in, after in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中
4 表示地理位置的in, on, to in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外
5 表示“在…上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分
6 表示“穿过”的through, acro through表示从内部通过，与in有关，acro表示在表面上通过，与on有关
7 表示“关于”的about, on about指涉及到，on指专门论述
8 between与among的区别 between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间
9 besides与except的区别 besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首 10 表示“用”的in, with with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音
11 as与like的区别 as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似
12 in与into区别 in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置